화봉고등학교 2학년 영어 기말고사
어법·어휘 완전 정리
YBM 영어Ⅰ (박준언) L4·L5
+ 2026년 6월 고1 모의고사
출제 빈도 상위 어법 포인트
도치 구문 ★★★ 최고

도치 구문 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류So, in under three years the project was finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: was the project finished
① 출제 원문[L4] So, in under three years was the project finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
② 오답 삽입So, in under three years the project was finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
③ 판단 근거부사구 문두 → 동사+주어 도치 필수. 일반 어순(the project was finished)으로 바꾸면 오류.
2
L4 오류In King Jeongjo's mind big plans were for Hwaseong.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: were big plans
① 출제 원문[L4] In King Jeongjo's mind were big plans for Hwaseong.
② 오답 삽입In King Jeongjo's mind big plans were for Hwaseong.
③ 판단 근거전치사구 문두 → be동사+주어 도치. 일반 어순(big plans were) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류Not just about putting on a show the procession was — it was serious business.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: was the procession
① 출제 원문[L4] Not just about putting on a show was the procession — it was serious business.
② 오답 삽입Not just about putting on a show the procession was — it was serious business.
③ 판단 근거부정 표현 문두 → 도치(was+주어). 도치 해제(the procession was) 시 오류.
4
모의 오류Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession the people truly felt his devotion to family.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Not until절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: did the people truly feel
① 출제 원문[모의 변형] Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession did the people truly feel his devotion to family.
② 오답 삽입Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession the people truly felt his devotion to family.
③ 판단 근거Not until절 문두 → did+주어+동사원형 도치 필수. the people truly felt(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
5
모의 36번 오류Not only the earth was much colder, but crucially, much drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Not only 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: was the earth
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Not only was the earth much colder, but crucially, much drier.
② 오답 삽입Not only the earth was much colder, but crucially, much drier.
③ 판단 근거Not only 문두 → 조동사+주어 도치. 일반 어순(the earth was) 삽입 시 오류.
6
모의 36번 오류Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted we experienced a sudden explosion of life.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Only after절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: did we experience
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted did we experience a sudden explosion of life.
② 오답 삽입Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted we experienced a sudden explosion of life.
③ 판단 근거Only after절 문두 → did+주어+원형 도치 필수. we experienced(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 37번 오류Never I had seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Never 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: had I seen
① 출제 원문[모의 37번] Never had I seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
② 오답 삽입Never I had seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
③ 판단 근거Never(부정부사) 문두 → had+주어 도치. I had(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 40번 오류Rarely we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Rarely 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: do we realize
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Rarely do we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
② 오답 삽입Rarely we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
③ 판단 근거Rarely(부정부사) 문두 → do+주어+원형 도치. we realize(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 39번 오류Only by planting more trees we can reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Only by절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: can we reduce
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Only by planting more trees can we reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
② 오답 삽입Only by planting more trees we can reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
③ 판단 근거Only by+동명사구 문두 → can+주어+원형 도치. we can(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 38번 오류So compelling the results were that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → So+형용사 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: were the results
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] So compelling were the results that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
② 오답 삽입So compelling the results were that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
③ 판단 근거So+형용사 문두 → were+주어 도치. the results were(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
Not just about putting on a show was the procession — it was serious business.
→ 부사구 문두 도치: 동사(was)+주어(the procession) 어순. 정문이지만 도치 해제된 오류 형태와 혼동 주의.
In King Jeongjo's mind were big plans for a new capital city.
→ 전치사구(In …) 문두 도치: were+주어 어순. L4 본문 변형.
출제 함정: 도치 어순(was the procession)을 틀린 것처럼 설정하거나, 도치 해제된 오류 형태(the procession was)로 교체해 비교.
수일치 + 삽입구 ★★★ 최고

수일치 + 삽입구 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류These records, along with the construction plans, was eventually recognized by UNESCO.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → along with 삽입구 수일치 위반. 올바른 형태: were
① 출제 원문[L4] These records, along with the construction plans, were eventually recognized by UNESCO.
② 오답 삽입These records, along with the construction plans, was eventually recognized by UNESCO.
③ 판단 근거"along with …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 These records(복수) → were. was 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
2
L4 오류More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marches alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 복수 주어에 단수 동사. 올바른 형태: marched
① 출제 원문[L4] More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marched alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marches alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거A, B, and C = 복수 주어 → marched(복수). 단수 marches 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
3
L4 오류King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → as well as 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: was
① 출제 원문[L4] King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, was determined to build a new capital.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital.
③ 판단 근거"as well as …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 King Jeongjo(단수) → was. were 삽입 시 오류.
4
L4 오류The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → together with 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
① 출제 원문[L4] The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolizes Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거"together with …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 The procession(단수) → symbolizes. 복수 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 오류The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → together with 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolizes Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
② 오답 삽입The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
③ 판단 근거"together with …"는 삽입구 → 핵심 주어 The procession(단수) → symbolizes. 복수 symbolize 삽입 시 수일치 오류. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
6
L4 오류King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → as well as 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: was
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, was determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
③ 판단 근거"as well as …"는 삽입구 → 핵심 주어 King Jeongjo(단수) → was. 복수 were 삽입 시 수일치 오류. 올바른 형태: was
7
모의 40번 오류The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, play a key role in daily decisions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → in addition to 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: plays
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, plays a key role in daily decisions.
② 오답 삽입The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, play a key role in daily decisions.
③ 판단 근거"in addition to …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 단수 → plays. 복수 play 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 38번 오류The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remember significantly more items.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → unlike 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: remembered
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remembered significantly more items.
② 오답 삽입The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remember significantly more items.
③ 판단 근거"unlike …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 The group(단수) → remembered. 복수 remember 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 36번 오류Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, begins farming gradually over thousands of years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → including 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: began
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, began farming gradually over thousands of years.
② 오답 삽입Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, begins farming gradually over thousands of years.
③ 판단 근거"including …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 Hunter-gatherers(복수) → began. 단수 begins 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, help children organize their visual attention.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → like 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: helps
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, helps children organize their visual attention.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, help children organize their visual attention.
③ 판단 근거"like …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 A viewfinder(단수) → helps. 복수 help 삽입 시 오류.
These records, along with the construction plans, ⑤were eventually recognized… ← 정문(출제 원문)
These records, along with the construction plans, ⑤was eventually recognized… ← ❌ 오답 삽입 (이것을 찾아야 함)
핵심 주어 These records(복수) → were가 맞음. along with 삽입구로 주어를 가려 was를 넣는 것이 출제 오류.
암기 포인트: along with / as well as / together with / in addition to 는 삽입구. 핵심 주어의 수를 바꾸지 않는다.
관계대명사 that / which ★★★ 최고

관계대명사 that / which — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류something, that was unheard of at that time
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[L4] something that was unheard of at that time
② 오답 삽입something, that was unheard of at that time
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음) → that/which 모두 가능. 쉼표+that 삽입이 실제 출제 오류 패턴 (계속적 용법에 that 불가).
2
L4 오류the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
② 오답 삽입the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능. 쉼표+that 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 용법 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
4
L4 FR 오류Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
② 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
③ 판단 근거소유격 관계대명사 whose = of which. "whose uniqueness" ✓ / "which its uniqueness" 비문 / 쉼표+that ✗
5
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, , that was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, , that was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 쉼표 뒤 관계사는 which만 가능. 올바른 형태: which
6
L4 오류They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, , that must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, which must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
② 오답 삽입They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, , that must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 쉼표 뒤는 반드시 which. 올바른 형태: which
7
L4 FR 오류Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, , that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가 / whose로 소유격 표현. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
② 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, , that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 불가 / 소유격 관계대명사 whose 필요. whose = of which. 올바른 형태: whose
8
모의 36번 오류Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 절 전체 선행사에 that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, which caused the earth to become drier.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. that 불가.
9
모의 38번 오류The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+which 불가. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The study found something that surprised many researchers.
② 오답 삽입The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류The 'danger detector' proposes a mechanism, which operates before conscious judgment begins.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+which 혼동. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] The danger detector proposes a mechanism that operates before conscious judgment begins.
② 오답 삽입The danger detector proposes a mechanism, which operates before conscious judgment begins.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법 → 선행사를 한정. 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동.
계속적 용법 (쉼표+관계사)
the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
→ 쉼표 있으면 which만 가능. that 불가.
제한적 용법 (쉼표 없음)
something that was unheard of at that time
→ 쉼표 없으면 that / which 모두 가능.
쉼표+that → ×, 쉼표+which → ○. 쉼표 유무가 핵심 판단 기준.
to부정사 vs 동명사 ★★ 높음

to부정사 vs 동명사 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류He was planning holding a memorial service to honor his late father.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → plan 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to hold
① 출제 원문[L4] He was planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father.
② 오답 삽입He was planning holding a memorial service to honor his late father.
③ 판단 근거plan → to부정사만 가능. 동명사(holding) 삽입 시 오류.
2
L4 오류He was really serious about to make the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 about 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: making
① 출제 원문[L4] He was really serious about making the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
② 오답 삽입He was really serious about to make the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
③ 판단 근거전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능. to부정사(to make) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques building Hwaseong Fortress.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 목적 to부정사 자리에 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to build
① 출제 원문[L4] King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques to build Hwaseong Fortress.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques building Hwaseong Fortress.
③ 판단 근거목적의 to부정사. 동명사(building) 삽입 시 목적어 위치 구조 혼동.
4
L4 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만 가능. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to make
6
L4 오류King Jeongjo let them to bring together the finest architectural techniques.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 사역동사 let+목+원형. to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: bring
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo let them to bring together the finest architectural techniques.
③ 판단 근거사역동사 let + 목적어 + 동사원형. to부정사(to bring) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: bring
7
L4 오류He was really serious about to improve the lives of ordinary people.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 about 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: improving
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] He was really serious about improving the lives of ordinary people.
② 오답 삽입He was really serious about to improve the lives of ordinary people.
③ 판단 근거전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능. to부정사(to improve) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: improving
8
모의 20번 오류Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 by 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: practicing
① 출제 원문[모의 20번] Children learn values by practicing various kinds of behaviors.
② 오답 삽입Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
③ 판단 근거전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. to부정사(to practice) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 22번 오류You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → need to do 구문에 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to pay
① 출제 원문[모의 22번] You need to pay attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
② 오답 삽입You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
③ 판단 근거need to do(~해야 한다). 동명사(paying) 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 39번 오류Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → avoid 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: releasing
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees avoid releasing excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거avoid → 동명사만. to부정사(to release) 삽입 시 오류.
He was planning to hold a memorial service.
plan → to부정사만 가능. 동명사 불가.
serious about making the Joseon Dynasty powerful.
전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능.
동사to부정사동명사출제 함정
planplanning to hold ✓ vs planning holding ✗
hopehoped to make ✓ — L4 원문
let (사역)let them bring(원형) — L4 원문
분사구문 (동시동작) ★★ 높음

분사구문 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류Wore armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Wearing
① 출제 원문[L4] Wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
② 오답 삽입Wore armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Wore) 불가. 의미상 주어 King Jeongjo가 능동 → 현재분사 Wearing.
2
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 현재분사 Lasting이어야 정문.
3
L4 FR 오류Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상(Hwaseong)에 능동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Built
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
③ 판단 근거Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → 과거분사(Built). 능동 Building 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
4
L4 오류Combined the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 능동 주어(he)에 수동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Combining
① 출제 원문[L4] Combining the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
② 오답 삽입Combined the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
③ 판단 근거he(King Jeongjo)가 능동적으로 결합 → Combining. 수동 Combined 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
5
L4 오류Combined the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 능동 주어(King Jeongjo)에 수동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Combining
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] Combining the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
② 오답 삽입Combined the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
③ 판단 근거King Jeongjo가 능동적으로 결합 → 현재분사(Combining). 수동 Combined 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치. 올바른 형태: Combining
6
L4 FR 오류Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displaying strong walls.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 현재분사 불가(본동사 필요). 올바른 형태: displayed
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displaying strong walls.
③ 판단 근거분사구문(Built) 이후 주절에는 본동사 필요. displaying(분사) 삽입 시 본동사 누락 오류. 올바른 형태: displayed
7
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 현재분사 Lasting이어야 정문. 올바른 형태: Lasting
8
모의 36번 오류Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Rising
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Rising steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
② 오답 삽입Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Rose) 불가. temperatures가 능동 → 현재분사 Rising.
9
모의 38번 오류Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Gesturing
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesturing while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
② 오답 삽입Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. adults가 능동 → 현재분사 Gesturing.
10
모의 40번 오류Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 상태 주어에 능동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Convinced
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Convinced that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
② 오답 삽입Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
③ 판단 근거most people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → 과거분사(Convinced). 능동 Convincing 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
Wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order.
→ 동시동작 현재분사 / with+명사+현재분사(능동) 독립분사구문.
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved…
→ 분사구문 의미상 주어 = the procession (일치 확인 필수).
수동태 (진행·완료) ★★ 높음

수동태 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성은 건설되는 수동 대상. 능동 진행형 불가. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → 진행 수동(was being built). 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류.
2
L4 오류He made sure everything documented properly by creating records.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동태 be동사 생략 불가. 올바른 형태: was documented
① 출제 원문[L4] He made sure everything was documented properly by creating records.
② 오답 삽입He made sure everything documented properly by creating records.
③ 판단 근거"기록이 만들어지는" 수동 맥락. 능동 documented 단독 사용 시 주어-동사 불일치.
3
L4 오류These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동태 be동사 생략 불가. 올바른 형태: were recognized
① 출제 원문[L4] These records were recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
② 오답 삽입These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
③ 판단 근거"by UNESCO" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 능동 recognized 단독 사용 시 오류.
4
L4 오류ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be required to + 동사원형. 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to work
① 출제 원문[L4] ordinary people were typically required to work on public projects without getting paid.
② 오답 삽입ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
③ 판단 근거be required to + 동사원형. to부정사 자리에 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 FR 오류These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → by행위자 있으므로 수동 필수. 올바른 형태: were recognized
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] These records were recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
② 오답 삽입These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
③ 판단 근거"by UNESCO" 행위자 → 수동태 필수. 능동 recognized 단독 사용 시 오류. 올바른 형태: were recognized
6
L4 오류ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be required to + 동사원형. 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to work
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] ordinary people were typically required to work on public projects without getting paid.
② 오답 삽입ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
③ 판단 근거be required to + 동사원형. to부정사 자리에 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to work
7
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성은 건설되는 수동 대상. 능동 진행형 불가. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = 건설되는 수동 대상 → 진행 수동(was being built). 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: was being built
8
L4 오류He made sure everything documented properly by creating detailed records.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 맥락에 능동형 불가. 올바른 형태: was documented
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] He made sure everything was documented properly by creating detailed records.
② 오답 삽입He made sure everything documented properly by creating detailed records.
③ 판단 근거"기록이 만들어지는" 수동 맥락. 능동 documented 단독 사용 시 주어-동사 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: was documented
9
모의 39번 오류CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상에 능동 불가. 올바른 형태: is converted
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] CO₂ is converted to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 능동 converts 삽입 시 주어-동사 관계 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상에 능동 불가. 올바른 형태: can be used
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder can be used to isolate part of a picture or object.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
③ 판단 근거뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 능동 can use 삽입 시 주어-동사 관계 오류.
진행 수동
Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built.
→ was being + p.p. (진행 수동)
완료 수동
the fortress had been faithfully restored.
→ had been + p.p. (완료 수동) — L4 FR 원문
everything was documented properly.
→ was + p.p. (일반 수동) — L4 본문 원문
진행 수동: was being + p.p. / 완료 수동: had been + p.p. / 일반 수동: was + p.p.
본문 문장별 체크 포인트
원문 구조어법 포인트위험도
These records, along with the plans, was recognized ← ❌ 출제 오답
These records, along with the plans, were recognized ← ✅ 정답
삽입구 수일치 — waswere
the art, that focused on important figures ← ❌ 출제 오답
the art, which focused on important figures ← ✅ 정답
쉼표+thatwhich 교체
let them bring together the finest techniques
사역동사 let + 원형 (to bring 불가)
something that was unheard of at that time
형용사구(unheard of) — 동사 자리 혼동
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers
분사구문 의미상 주어 일치
how much family meant to him
간접의문문 어순 (how much+주어+동사)
He made sure everything was documented
수동태 — 능동 혼동
Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan
과거분사구 수동 의미 분사구문
though it was initially thought to take about 10 years
수동태 + though vs despite 구별
L4 핵심 어휘 20개 — 출제 빈도 순 (각 상세예시 3개)
어휘빈도출제 오답 방향 · 문맥 단서예시
accessible
★★★
접근 가능한 오답 → restricted / limited / exclusive
he made government more restricted. He added special exams…
뒤 "giving more people a shot" → restricted는 역방향 → accessible 정답

accessible — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Through the procession, King Jeongjo made government more accessible. He added special exams during the procession, giving more people a shot at joining the government.
✅ 정답 단어: accessible(접근 가능한) — 뒤에 '더 많은 기회 제공'이 근거.
출제 시 오답 삽입Through the procession, King Jeongjo made government more restricted. He added special exams during the procession, giving more people a shot at joining the government.
❌ 출제된 오답: restricted(제한된) — 뒤에 '기회를 더 많이 준다'는 내용과 반대 방향.
문맥 단서오답 판단 전략: restricted(제한된) ↔ He added special exams … giving more people a shot(더 많은 기회 제공) → 역접 방향 불일치 → restricted가 오답.
정답 찾기: ④ restricted → accessible로 교체해야 문맥 일치.
authentic
★★★
진정한, 진품의 오답 → artificial / fake / imitated
weren't totally convinced it was artificial. But after checking translated documents…
❌ artificial(가짜)이면 문서 검토 후 승인(came around) 흐름 불성립 → authentic이 정답

authentic — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, they finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: authentic(진정한, 진품의) — 번역 문서 검토 후 세계유산 등재 승인.
출제 시 오답 삽입At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was artificial. But after checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, they finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: artificial(인공적인/가짜) — '번역 문서 검토 후 승인'이라는 결과와 의미가 충돌.
문맥 단서오답 판단 전략: UNESCO가 '가짜(artificial)라는 것을 확신하지 못했다'면 문서 검토 후 승인하는 흐름이 성립 안 됨. → 진품(authentic)이어야 검토 후 승인 가능.
정답 찾기: ③ artificial → authentic으로 교체.
documented
★★★
기록된 오답 → ignored / concealed / erased
He made sure everything was concealed properly by creating records for the procession and the construction.
❌ concealed(숨기다) ↔ by creating records(기록 생성) → 기록 공개와 숨기기는 반대 방향 → documented 정답

documented — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문He made sure everything was documented properly by creating records for both the procession and the construction of Hwaseong Fortress.
✅ 정답 단어: documented(기록된) — 기록을 만들었다는 결과가 뒤에 제시됨.
출제 시 오답 삽입He made sure everything was concealed properly by creating records for both the procession and the construction of Hwaseong Fortress.
❌ 출제된 오답: concealed(숨겨진) — '기록을 만들었다'는 목적과 완전히 반대 방향.
문맥 단서오답 판단: concealed(숨기다) ↔ by creating records(기록을 만듦으로써) → 기록을 만드는 것은 공개·보존 행위이므로 concealed와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ④ concealed → documented로 교체.
lifesaver
★★★
매우 유용한 것, 구원 오답 → obstacle / burden / useless
These construction records were especially a burden when the fortress was damaged during wartime.
❌ burden(짐·부담) → 복원에 결정적 도움이 됐다는 맥락과 반대 → lifesaver 정답

lifesaver — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문These construction records were especially a lifesaver when the fortress was damaged during wartime and needed to be restored.
✅ 정답 단어: lifesaver(큰 도움이 된 것) — 전쟁 피해 후 복원에 결정적 역할.
출제 시 오답 삽입These construction records were especially a burden when the fortress was damaged during wartime and needed to be restored.
❌ 출제된 오답: burden(짐, 부담) — 복원에 도움이 됐다는 문맥과 정반대.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 기록이 없었다면 복원 불가 → 기록이 '구원(lifesaver)'이 됨. burden(짐)은 복원에 방해가 된다는 의미로 문맥과 충돌.
정답 찾기: ④ burden → lifesaver로 교체.
innovative
★★
혁신적인 오답 → traditional / outdated / conventional
This move was conventional back then and made the government more diverse.
❌ conventional(관습적인) ↔ 전례 없는 새로운 시도(unheard of) 맥락 → innovative 정답

innovative — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문This move was innovative back then and made the government more diverse — adding special exams gave common people access to public service.
✅ 정답 단어: innovative(혁신적인) — 전례 없는 새로운 시도임을 뒤에서 설명.
출제 시 오답 삽입This move was conventional back then and made the government more diverse — adding special exams gave common people access to public service.
❌ 출제된 오답: conventional(관습적인/전통적인) — '전례 없던 새로운 시도'라는 문맥과 반대.
문맥 단서오답 판단: something that was unheard of(전례 없는 것) → 기존과 다른 방식 = innovative. conventional(기존 방식을 따르는)은 반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ conventional → innovative로 교체.
unheard of
★★
전례 없는, 듣도 보도 못한 오답 → common / ordinary / typical
were even paid when they were sick, something that was common at that time
❌ common(흔한) ↔ 당시 무급 노동이 일반적이었음 → 유급 병가는 전례 없음 → unheard of 정답

unheard of — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
✅ 정답 단어: unheard of(전례 없는) — 당시 기준으로 병가 급여는 전혀 없던 관행.
출제 시 오답 삽입Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was common at that time.
❌ 출제된 오답: common(흔한) — 앞에서 '공정 임금 + 병가 급여'가 매우 특별한 처우임을 강조하는 문맥과 모순.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 이전 문장 'ordinary people were typically required to work without pay(무급 노동이 일반적)' → 유급 병가는 unheard of. common은 정반대.
정답 찾기: ⑤ common → unheard of로 교체.
self-sufficient
★★
자급자족의 오답 → dependent / reliant / vulnerable
he wanted Hwaseong to be a dependent city with a strong military, farming, and trade
❌ dependent(의존적) ↔ 군사+농업+상업 3요소 자체 보유 → self-sufficient 정답

self-sufficient — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문He wanted Hwaseong to be a self-sufficient city with a strong military, farming, and trade — a new capital away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
✅ 정답 단어: self-sufficient(자급자족의) — 군사·농업·상업 3요소가 근거.
출제 시 오답 삽입He wanted Hwaseong to be a dependent city with a strong military, farming, and trade — a new capital away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
❌ 출제된 오답: dependent(의존적인) — 군사+농업+상업을 갖춘 독립 도시를 묘사하는 문맥과 반대.
문맥 단서오답 판단: a strong military, farming, and trade(군사+농업+상업 3요소 보유) → 외부에 의존 불필요 = self-sufficient. dependent(의존적)는 반대 개념.
정답 찾기: ③ dependent → self-sufficient로 교체.
scattered (오답어)
★★
흩어진 → gathered 정답 정답 오답어 출제
workers … scattered to Hwaseong in a rush
원문 'came together' → scattered는 반대 방향 오답

scattered(오답어) vs gathered(정답) — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Once people got wind of his plan, workers from all over the country came together in a rush.
✅ 원문 표현: came together(모여들었다) = gathered 의미.
출제 시 오답 삽입Once people got wind of his plan, workers from all over the country scattered to Hwaseong in a rush.
❌ 출제된 오답: scattered(흩어졌다) — 전국에서 한 곳으로 몰려든다는 문맥과 정반대 방향.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 'from all over the country … in a rush'(전국 각지에서 급하게) → 한 방향으로 모임. scattered(흩어짐)는 반대 이동 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ scattered → gathered/came together로 교체.
remarkable
★★
놀라운, 주목할 만한 오답 → ordinary / unremarkable / forgettable
something ordinary happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
❌ ordinary(평범한) ↔ 뒤에 군인 2,000명+ 대규모 행렬 묘사 → remarkable 정답

remarkable — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Back on February 9, 1795, something remarkable happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
✅ 정답 단어: remarkable(주목할 만한) — 대규모 능행차 출발이라는 특별한 사건을 수식.
출제 시 오답 삽입Back on February 9, 1795, something ordinary happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
❌ 출제된 오답: ordinary(평범한) — 이후에 2,000명 이상의 대규모 행렬이 묘사되는 내용과 충돌.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 뒤에 '군인 2,000명 이상, 기마대 수백 명, 음악가 50명'이라는 전례 없는 규모가 나옴 → remarkable(주목할 만한)이 맞음. ordinary(평범한)는 규모와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ① ordinary → remarkable로 교체.
memorial
★★
추모의, 기념의 오답 → celebratory / festive
He was planning to hold a celebratory service to honor his late father.
❌ celebratory(축하의) ↔ late father(돌아가신 아버지) + tomb(무덤) → 추모 맥락 → memorial 정답

memorial — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문He was planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father, whose tomb was located near Hwaseong Haenggung.
✅ 정답 단어: memorial(추모의) — 돌아가신 아버지(late father)의 묘소 근처에서 제사를 지냄.
출제 시 오답 삽입He was planning to hold a celebratory service to honor his late father, whose tomb was located near Hwaseong Haenggung.
❌ 출제된 오답: celebratory(축하하는) — 돌아가신 분(late father)을 기리는 행사에 '축하'는 어울리지 않음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: late father(돌아가신 아버지) + tomb(무덤) → 추모 행사 = memorial. celebratory(축하)는 죽은 사람을 기리는 행사에 부적절.
정답 찾기: ② celebratory → memorial로 교체.
procession
★★
행렬, 행진 오답 → retreat / parade / march
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the retreat moved alongside the king.
❌ retreat(퇴각) ↔ 왕과 어머니가 함께 이동하는 공식 왕실 행렬 → procession 정답

procession — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king and his mother as they made a round trip to Hwaseong Haenggung.
✅ 정답 단어: procession(행렬) — 4일간 68km 이동하는 대규모 행진.
출제 시 오답 삽입Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the retreat moved alongside the king and his mother as they made a round trip to Hwaseong Haenggung.
❌ 출제된 오답: retreat(퇴각/후퇴) — 왕과 어머니가 함께 이동하는 공식 행렬을 '퇴각'이라고 하면 문맥 오류.
문맥 단서오답 판단: Lasting four days … round trip(4일간 왕복) → 공식 행렬(procession). retreat은 군사적 후퇴를 의미하므로 왕실 행렬과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ④ retreat → procession으로 교체.
diverse
★★
다양한 오답 → uniform / exclusive / narrow
This move was innovative back then and made the government more exclusive.
❌ exclusive(소수만을 위한) ↔ 더 많은 사람에게 기회 제공(people from all walks of life) → diverse 정답

diverse — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문This move was innovative back then and made the government more diverse — special exams opened public service to people from all walks of life.
✅ 정답 단어: diverse(다양한) — 더 많은 계층이 관직에 진출 가능해짐.
출제 시 오답 삽입This move was innovative back then and made the government more exclusive — special exams opened public service to people from all walks of life.
❌ 출제된 오답: exclusive(배타적인/소수만을 위한) — '모든 계층에 열림'이라는 뒤 내용과 정반대.
문맥 단서오답 판단: people from all walks of life(모든 계층의 사람들) → diverse(다양한). exclusive(소수 특권층만)는 정반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ exclusive → diverse로 교체.
heritage
유산 오답 → Recreation / Landmark / Monument
Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Recreation Site.
❌ Recreation(오락·휴양) ↔ UNESCO는 Heritage(유산) 등재 기관 → heritage 정답

heritage — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 FR 원문Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but its uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
✅ 정답 단어: Heritage(유산) — UNESCO World Heritage Site는 고유명사로 정문.
출제 시 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Recreation Site, but its uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
❌ 출제된 오답: Recreation(오락·휴양) — UNESCO는 세계유산(Heritage) 등재 기구이지 오락 시설 인증 기관이 아님.
문맥 단서오답 판단: UNESCO는 문화·자연 Heritage(유산) 등재 기관. Recreation(오락·휴양)은 UNESCO 등재 범주가 아님.
정답 찾기: ③ Recreation → Heritage로 교체.
putting on a show
보여주기식으로 하다 오답 → achieving his goals / fulfilling duties
This was not just about achieving his goals. No, it was serious business.
❌ achieving his goals(목표 달성) → not just about X, It was serious business 구조에서 X 자리엔 피상적·단순한 의미가 와야 역접 성립 → putting on a show 정답

putting on a show — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문King Jeongjo's Grand Procession was not just about putting on a show. It was serious business.
✅ 정답 표현: putting on a show(보여주기식으로 하다) — not just about이 핵심. '단순 과시가 아니었다'는 역접 구조.
출제 시 오답 삽입King Jeongjo's Grand Procession was not just about fulfilling his duties. It was serious business.
❌ 출제된 오답: fulfilling his duties(임무 수행) — '임무 수행을 위한 것만이 아니었다, 그것은 중요한 일이었다'라고 하면 앞뒤가 논리적으로 자연스러워 오답 설정이 부자연스러움 → 원문 표현을 통째로 기억.
문맥 단서오답 판단: not just about X. It was serious business 구조 → X 자리에는 '단순·피상적' 의미가 와야 역접이 성립. putting on a show(보여주기식)가 맞음.
시험 출제 방식: 이 구문 자체를 직접 변형하기보다 주변 어휘 문맥 문제로 출제.
convince / convinced
납득시키다 / 확신한 오답 → 부정어 제거(was → wasn't)
UNESCO was totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking translated documents, they finally came around.
❌ was convinced(확신했다) → 이미 확신했다면 문서 검토 불필요 → wasn't convinced가 정답

convinced — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents, they finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: convinced(확신하는) — 초기 의구심 → 검토 후 승인의 흐름.
출제 시 오답 삽입At first, UNESCO was totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents, they finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: totally convinced(완전히 확신했다) — 확신했다면 문서를 검토할 필요가 없으므로 논리 모순. wasn't의 부정과 함께 쓰여야 함.
문맥 단서오답 판단: But … they finally came around(결국 수긍했다) → 처음에는 수긍 안 함 = wasn't convinced. was convinced로 바꾸면 역접(But) 흐름 파괴.
정답 찾기: 부정어 wasn't 제거 버전이 오답.
sanseong / eupseong
산성 / 읍성 오답 → 역할 교체(sanseong↔eupseong)
The eupseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived around the sanseong.
❌ 두 단어 역할 교체 — eupseong은 평지 주거용, 최후 방어는 산성(sanseong) → 단어 역할 암기 필수

sanseong / eupseong — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 FR 원문Historically, the sanseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived in and around the eupseong.
✅ 정답: sanseong=산성(군사 방어), eupseong=읍성(평화시 주거). 두 용어의 역할 구분이 핵심.
출제 시 오답 삽입Historically, the eupseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived in and around the sanseong.
❌ 출제된 오답: 두 단어 교체 — eupseong은 평지 요새(주거 중심)이므로 '최후 방어'와 어울리지 않음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: final defense against invaders(침략자에 대한 최후 방어) → 산속 높은 곳 = sanseong. peaceful times / living(평화시 주거) → 평지 = eupseong.
정답 찾기: 두 단어 역할(방어 vs 주거)을 바꿔놓은 것이 오답.
invasion
침략, 침입 오답 → alliance / treaty / visit
After the Japanese alliance, a new type of fortress emerged that combined both styles.
❌ alliance(동맹) ↔ 새 방어 요새 등장의 계기 = 일본의 침략(invasion·임진왜란) → invasion 정답

invasion — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 FR 원문After the Japanese invasion, a new type of fortress emerged that combined the strengths of both the sanseong and the eupseong.
✅ 정답 단어: invasion(침략) — 임진왜란 이후 두 양식을 결합한 새로운 요새 등장.
출제 시 오답 삽입After the Japanese alliance, a new type of fortress emerged that combined the strengths of both the sanseong and the eupseong.
❌ 출제된 오답: alliance(동맹) — 일본과의 동맹이 요새 설계 변화의 계기가 됐다는 역사적 사실이 없음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 역사 지식 + 문맥 — 일본의 침략(invasion)이 기존 방어 체계의 약점을 드러냈고, 이에 대응한 새 요새 등장. alliance(동맹)는 역사적으로 맞지 않음.
정답 찾기: ② alliance → invasion으로 교체.
chaos
혼란, 혼돈 오답 → stability / order / peace
away from all the political stability in Hanyang
❌ stability(안정) ↔ away from(피하다) → 안정을 피할 이유 없음 → chaos(혼란)를 피하는 것이 맞음 → chaos 정답

chaos — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
✅ 정답 단어: chaos(혼란) — 한양의 정치적 혼란을 피하기 위한 새 수도 구상.
출제 시 오답 삽입He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political stability in Hanyang.
❌ 출제된 오답: stability(안정) — '안정으로부터 멀어지려 한다'는 것은 동기가 되지 않음. 피해야 할 것은 혼란(chaos).
문맥 단서오답 판단: away from(~에서 벗어나) → 피해야 할 것이 와야 함. stability(안정)는 피할 이유가 없음 → chaos(혼란)가 맞음.
정답 찾기: ④ stability → chaos로 교체.
translated
번역된 오답 → fabricated / forged / destroyed
after checking out fabricated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress
❌ fabricated(날조된) ↔ 검토 후 UNESCO 승인(came around) → 날조 문서로 세계유산 등재 불가 → translated 정답

translated — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문After checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, UNESCO finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: translated(번역된) — 한국어 기록을 UNESCO가 이해할 수 있도록 번역한 문서.
출제 시 오답 삽입After checking out fabricated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, UNESCO finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: fabricated(날조된) — 날조 문서를 확인하고 세계유산 등재를 승인한다는 것은 논리적으로 불가능.
문맥 단서오답 판단: UNESCO가 문서를 검토하고 인정(came around)했다는 결과 → 문서는 신뢰할 수 있는 것. fabricated(날조)는 신뢰성 파괴 → 승인 불가 → 결과와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ② fabricated → translated로 교체.
fair wages
공정한 임금 오답 → unfair treatment / no payment / harsh conditions
Workers received unfair treatment and were even paid when they were sick.
❌ unfair treatment(불공정 대우) ↔ 병가에도 임금 지급(긍정적 처우) → 앞뒤 일관성 파괴 → fair wages 정답

fair wages — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L4 원문Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
✅ 정답 표현: fair wages(공정한 임금) — 병가 급여까지 주는 전례 없는 처우.
출제 시 오답 삽입Workers received unfair treatment and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
❌ 출제된 오답: unfair treatment(불공정한 대우) — '병가에도 임금을 지급'한다는 긍정적 내용과 모순. 불공정하면서 병가 임금을 주는 것은 일관성 없음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: even paid when sick(병가에도 임금) → 이것은 혜택. 앞에 있는 처우도 긍정적이어야 일관성 유지 → fair wages(공정 임금). unfair treatment는 방향 충돌.
정답 찾기: ① unfair treatment → fair wages로 교체.
역접 단서 유형 정리
단서 유형지문 흐름오답어정답 방향
역접 butnot just about putting on a show → but serious businessputting on a show ✓보여주기식 행사 — 정문
역접 →made government more ④restricted → giving more people a shotrestrictedaccessible로 교체
인과 →workers … scattered → but came together in a rushscatteredgathered로 교체
양보 thoughfinished in 3 years, though initially thought to take 10 years내용일치 함정3년 완공 vs 10년 예상
풀이 루틴: 밑줄 앞뒤 역접(however / but) · 인과(thus / therefore / so) 표시 → 문맥 방향(긍정/부정) 파악 → 밑줄 단어가 반대 방향이면 정답.
출제 빈도 상위 어법 포인트 (L5 본문 전수 분석)
수일치 — and 복수 주어 ★★★ 최고

수일치 — and 복수 주어 예시 10개

1
L5 오류height and weight loses their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → lose(복수). 올바른 형태: lose
① 출제 원문[L5] height and weight lose their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
② 오답 삽입height and weight loses their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → lose(복수). 단수 loses 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
2
L5 오류Zero gravity makes astronauts to lose muscle and bone density really fast.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 사역동사 make+목+원형. 올바른 형태: lose
① 출제 원문[L5] Zero gravity makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
② 오답 삽입Zero gravity makes astronauts to lose muscle and bone density really fast.
③ 판단 근거사역동사 make+목+원형. to부정사(to lose) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L5 오류experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms makes up the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A, B, C, and D = 복수 주어 → make up(복수). 올바른 형태: make up
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms make up the ISS.
② 오답 삽입experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms makes up the ISS.
③ 판단 근거A, B, C, and D = 복수 주어 → make up(복수). 단수 makes up 삽입 시 오류.
4
L5 오류15 different nations contributes to the ISS over about two decades.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 복수 명사(nations) → contributed(복수). 올바른 형태: contributed
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] 15 different nations contributed to the ISS over about two decades.
② 오답 삽입15 different nations contributes to the ISS over about two decades.
③ 판단 근거복수 명사(nations) → contributed(복수). 단수 contributes 삽입 시 오류.
5
L5 ISS 오류Ice sheets and glaciers covers much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → covered(복수). 올바른 형태: covered
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets and glaciers covered much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets and glaciers covers much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → covered(복수). 단수 covers 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
6
모의 36번 오류Working memory and long-term memory differs in how information is accessed.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → differ(복수). 올바른 형태: differ
① 출제 원문[모의 37번] Working memory and long-term memory differ in how information is accessed.
② 오답 삽입Working memory and long-term memory differs in how information is accessed.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → differ(복수). 단수 differs 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 37번 오류Gesture and speech works together to encode events in memory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → work(복수). 올바른 형태: work
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesture and speech work together to encode events in memory.
② 오답 삽입Gesture and speech works together to encode events in memory.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → work(복수). 단수 works 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 38번 오류Deforestation and environmental degradation accounts for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → account(복수). 올바른 형태: account
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Deforestation and environmental degradation account for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
② 오답 삽입Deforestation and environmental degradation accounts for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → account(복수). 단수 accounts 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 39번 오류Emotion and instinct drives most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → drive(복수). 올바른 형태: drive
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Emotion and instinct drive most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
② 오답 삽입Emotion and instinct drives most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → drive(복수). 단수 drives 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류The Sun and the planet Earth appears to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → appear(복수). 올바른 형태: appear
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The Sun and the planet Earth appear to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
② 오답 삽입The Sun and the planet Earth appears to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → appear(복수). 단수 appears 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
height and weight lose their meaning in microgravity. ← 정문(출제 원문)
height and weight loses their meaning in microgravity. ← ❌ 오답 삽입 (이것을 찾아야 함)
A and B = 복수 주어 → loses(단수)는 수일치 오류.
암기 포인트: A and B → 복수 동사. 사역동사 make+목+동사원형(to 없음).
관계대명사 계속적 용법 / whose ★★★ 최고

관계대명사 계속적 용법 / whose 예시 10개

1
L5 오류in my personal space, that is about the size of a phone booth
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] in my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
② 오답 삽입in my personal space, that is about the size of a phone booth
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능.
2
L5 오류my basil plants, which leaves had become a dense forest
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 소유격 관계대명사 whose. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L5] my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
② 오답 삽입my basil plants, which leaves had become a dense forest
③ 판단 근거소유격 관계대명사 whose. which로 교체하면 소유격 관계 표현 불가.
3
L5 오류The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, that means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 받는 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, which means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
② 오답 삽입The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, that means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체를 선행사로 받는 계속적 which. 절 전체에 that 불가.
4
L5 오류the ISS, that has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 고유명사(ISS)+쉼표 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] the ISS, which has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
② 오답 삽입the ISS, that has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
③ 판단 근거고유명사(ISS)+쉼표 → 계속적 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
5
L5 오류Astronaut Yujin, which third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 소유격 whose. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] Astronaut Yujin, whose third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
② 오답 삽입Astronaut Yujin, which third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
③ 판단 근거소유격 whose. which로 교체하면 소유격 표현 불가.
6
L4 오류Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, which caused the earth to become drier.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. that 불가.
7
L4 오류the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 오류. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
② 오답 삽입the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 오류. which만 가능.
8
모의 22번 오류Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 36번 오류The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 올바른 형태: that
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The study found something that surprised many researchers.
② 오답 삽입The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동.
10
모의 40번 오류The capsule, that had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The capsule, which had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
② 오답 삽입The capsule, that had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능.
계속적 용법 (쉼표+which)
my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
→ 쉼표+which 계속적 용법. that 교체 불가.
소유격 (whose)
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
→ 소유격 whose. which로 교체 시 오류.
쉼표+that → ×, 쉼표+which → ○ / which leaves → ×, whose leaves → ○.
분사구문 — 의미상 주어 일치 ★★★ 최고

분사구문 의미상 주어 일치 예시 10개

1
L5 오류Forced to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → I가 능동적으로 집중 강요 → Forcing. 올바른 형태: Forcing
① 출제 원문[L5] Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
② 오답 삽입Forced to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
③ 판단 근거I가 능동적으로 집중 강요 → Forcing. 수동 Forced 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
2
L5 오류The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looked like it was ready to come crashing down.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(looked) 불가. 올바른 형태: looking
① 출제 원문[L5] The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looking like it was ready to come crashing down.
② 오답 삽입The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looked like it was ready to come crashing down.
③ 판단 근거결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(looked) 불가. 현재분사 looking이어야 정문.
3
L5 오류Blasted off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → we가 능동적으로 발사 → Blasting. 올바른 형태: Blasting
① 출제 원문[L5] Blasting off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
② 오답 삽입Blasted off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
③ 판단 근거we가 능동적으로 발사 → Blasting. 수동 Blasted 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
4
L5 오류Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowed toothpaste with a sip of water.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 동시동작 분사구문 자리에 과거형(swallowed) 불가. 올바른 형태: swallowing
① 출제 원문[L5] Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowing toothpaste with a sip of water.
② 오답 삽입Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowed toothpaste with a sip of water.
③ 판단 근거동시동작 분사구문 자리에 과거형(swallowed) 불가. I가 능동 → swallowing.
5
L5 오류The parachute caught the capsule, dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(dragged) 불가. 올바른 형태: dragging
① 출제 원문[L5] The parachute caught the capsule, dragging it through the sky until it hit the ground.
② 오답 삽입The parachute caught the capsule, dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
③ 판단 근거결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(dragged) 불가. 낙하산이 능동 → dragging.
6
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Lasted) 불가. the procession이 능동 → Lasting.
7
L4 오류Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → Built. 올바른 형태: Built
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
③ 판단 근거Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → Built. 능동 Building 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
8
모의 38번 오류Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Rose) 불가. 올바른 형태: Rising
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Rising steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
② 오답 삽입Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Rose) 불가. temperatures가 능동 → Rising.
9
모의 36번 오류Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. 올바른 형태: Gesturing
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesturing while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
② 오답 삽입Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. adults가 능동 → Gesturing.
10
모의 40번 오류Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → Convinced. 올바른 형태: Convinced
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Convinced that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
② 오답 삽입Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
③ 판단 근거people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → Convinced. 능동 Convincing 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
→ 능동 분사구문. 의미상 주어 I = 행위 주체 → Forcing(현재분사). Forced(수동) 삽입 오류 주의.
The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looking like it was ready to come crashing down.
→ 결과 분사구문. 주어(dome)가 능동 → looking. looked(과거형) 삽입 오류 주의.
to부정사 목적 · manage to ★★ 높음

to부정사 목적 · manage to 예시 10개

1
L5 오류I finally managed installing the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → manage → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to install
① 출제 원문[L5] I finally managed to install the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
② 오답 삽입I finally managed installing the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
③ 판단 근거manage → to부정사만. 동명사(installing) 삽입 시 오류.
2
L5 오류we took about 27 hours reaching the International Space Station.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → take+시간+to부정사 구문. 올바른 형태: to reach
① 출제 원문[L5] we took about 27 hours to reach the International Space Station.
② 오답 삽입we took about 27 hours reaching the International Space Station.
③ 판단 근거take+시간+to부정사 구문. 동명사(reaching) 삽입 시 구문 파괴.
3
L5 오류This enables me not only flying but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → enable+목+to부정사. 올바른 형태: to fly
① 출제 원문[L5] This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
② 오답 삽입This enables me not only flying but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
③ 판단 근거enable+목+to부정사. not only to fly // but also to lift 병렬. flying 삽입 시 병렬 파괴.
4
L5 오류My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed documenting its growth every day.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → manage → to부정사만 허용. 올바른 형태: growing
① 출제 원문[L5] My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed to document its growth every day.
② 오답 삽입My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed documenting its growth every day.
③ 판단 근거manage → to부정사만 허용. documenting(동명사) 삽입 시 오류. managed to document ✓ / managed documenting ✗
5
L5 오류It is used testing spacecraft systems required for future missions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be used to부정사(목적). 올바른 형태: to test
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] It is used to test spacecraft systems required for future missions.
② 오답 삽입It is used testing spacecraft systems required for future missions.
③ 판단 근거be used to부정사(목적). 동명사 삽입 시 오류.
6
L5 오류NASA plans de-orbiting the ISS in 2030.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → plan → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to de-orbit
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] NASA plans to de-orbit the ISS in 2030.
② 오답 삽입NASA plans de-orbiting the ISS in 2030.
③ 판단 근거plan → to부정사만. 동명사 삽입 시 오류.
7
L4 오류Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. 올바른 형태: practicing
① 출제 원문[모의 20번] Children learn values by practicing various kinds of behaviors.
② 오답 삽입Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
③ 판단 근거전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. to부정사 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 20번 오류You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → need to do(~해야 한다). 올바른 형태: to pay
① 출제 원문[모의 22번] You need to pay attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
② 오답 삽입You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
③ 판단 근거need to do(~해야 한다). 동명사(paying) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 22번 오류Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → avoid → 동명사만. 올바른 형태: releasing
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees avoid releasing excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
② 오답 삽입Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
③ 판단 근거avoid → 동명사만. to부정사 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류.
I finally managed to install the solar battery bases.
manage → to부정사만. managed installing ✗
we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
take+시간+to부정사(목적). reaching 교체 오류.
동사to부정사동명사출제 함정
managemanaged to install ✓ vs managed installing ✗
planplans to de-orbit ✓ vs plans de-orbiting ✗
enableenable+목+to부정사
수동태 진행형 / be resistant to ★★ 높음

수동태 진행형 / be resistant to 예시 10개

1
L5 오류Earth's atmosphere is resisting to objects entering from space.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be resistant to는 형용사구. 올바른 형태: is resistant
① 출제 원문[L5] Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
② 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is resisting to objects entering from space.
③ 판단 근거be resistant to는 형용사구. is resisting to는 비문.
2
L5 오류more solar radiation is reflecting back to Earth instead of being released into space.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 태양 복사 = "반사되는" 수동 대상 → is being reflected. 올바른 형태: is being reflected
① 출제 원문[L5] more solar radiation is being reflected back to Earth instead of being released into space.
② 오답 삽입more solar radiation is reflecting back to Earth instead of being released into space.
③ 판단 근거태양 복사 = "반사되는" 수동 대상 → is being reflected. 능동 is reflecting 삽입 시 오류.
3
L5 오류the ISS has continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → "by astronauts" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 올바른 형태: has been continuously occupied
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] the ISS has been continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
② 오답 삽입the ISS has continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
③ 판단 근거"by astronauts" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 능동 has occupied 삽입 시 오류.
4
L5 오류The capsule caught a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 캡슐 = "잡힌" 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: was caught
① 출제 원문[L5] The capsule was caught by a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
② 오답 삽입The capsule caught a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
③ 판단 근거캡슐 = "잡힌" 수동 대상. 능동 caught 삽입 시 주어-목적어 관계 오류.
5
L5 오류The capsule was heating to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 캡슐 = "가열되는" 수동 대상 → was being heated. 올바른 형태: was being heated
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The capsule was being heated to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
② 오답 삽입The capsule was heating to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
③ 판단 근거캡슐 = "가열되는" 수동 대상 → was being heated. 능동 was heating 삽입 시 오류.
6
L4 오류CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: is converted
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] CO₂ is converted to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 능동 converts 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 39번 오류Trees consider to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 나무 = "여겨지는" 수동 대상 → are considered. 올바른 형태: are considered
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees are considered to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
② 오답 삽입Trees consider to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
③ 판단 근거나무 = "여겨지는" 수동 대상 → are considered. 능동 consider 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 39번 오류A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: can be used
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder can be used to isolate part of a picture or object.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
③ 판단 근거뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 능동 can use 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 38번 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → was being built. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → was being built. 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류Yujin's muscles are weakening by prolonged microgravity exposure.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 근육 = "약화되는" 수동 대상 → are being weakened. 올바른 형태: are being weakened
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] Yujin's muscles are being weakened by prolonged microgravity exposure.
② 오답 삽입Yujin's muscles are weakening by prolonged microgravity exposure.
③ 판단 근거근육 = "약화되는" 수동 대상 → are being weakened. 능동+by는 비문.
Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
→ be resistant to + 동명사. is resisting to → 비문.
more solar radiation is being reflected back to Earth.
→ 진행 수동: is being + p.p. is reflecting → 능동 오류.
출제 함정: is resisting to(비문) vs is resistant to(정문) / is reflecting(능동) vs is being reflected(수동).
Day원문 구조어법 포인트위험도
Day 5
Zero gravity makes astronauts lose muscle
make+목+원형 (사역)
Day 5
height and weight lose their meaning
복수 주어 수일치
Day 25
my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
계속적 관계대명사
Day 60
Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured…
분사구문 의미상 주어
Day 99
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
소유격 관계대명사 whose
Day 25
there's no good way to spit in space because everything floats
no way to부정사 / because절
Day 60
hovered, looking like it was ready to come crashing down
결과 분사구문 / come+분사
Day 100
Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space
be resistant to + 동명사
ISS FR
it has been continuously occupied since 2000
현재완료 수동 (since)
Day 1
we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS
take+시간+to부정사
as if 가정법 ★★★ 최고
가정법 과거 (같은 시점)
He talks as if he knew everything about Lucy.
→ as if + 주어 + 과거동사. 현재 사실과 반대. knows(현재형) 교체 오류.
가정법 과거완료 (더 과거)
I behaved as if I had never met her before.
→ as if + 주어 + had p.p. 주절보다 더 과거 사실과 반대.
같은 시점: as if + 과거동사(were) / 더 과거: as if + had p.p.
출제 함정: understands(현재형) → understood(과거형)로 교체해야 정문.

as if 가정법 — Grammar A 예시 10개

1
Grammar A 오류He nodded as if he completely understands the situation.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] He nodded as if he completely understood the situation.
② 오답 삽입He nodded as if he completely understands the situation.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → 과거동사 필수. understands(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: understood
2
Grammar A 오류He acts as if he does not care about Jack at all.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] He acts as if he did not care about Jack at all.
② 오답 삽입He acts as if he does not care about Jack at all.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → 과거동사 did. does(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: did
3
Grammar A 오류She walks into the room as if she is the host of the party.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] She walks into the room as if she were the host of the party.
② 오답 삽입She walks into the room as if she is the host of the party.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → be동사는 were 사용. is(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: were
4
Grammar A 오류You look exhausted as if you worked hard all day long.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] You look exhausted as if you had worked hard all day long.
② 오답 삽입You look exhausted as if you worked hard all day long.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. worked(과거형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had worked
5
Grammar A 오류I behaved as if I never met her before.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] I behaved as if I had never met her before.
② 오답 삽입I behaved as if I never met her before.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. never met(과거형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had never met
6
Grammar A 오류The boy stares at the magician as if he thinks the magic was real.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] The boy stares at the magician as if he thought the magic was real.
② 오답 삽입The boy stares at the magician as if he thinks the magic was real.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → thinks(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: thought
7
Grammar A 오류Yena laughs as if she has no worries in the world.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] Yena laughs as if she had no worries in the world.
② 오답 삽입Yena laughs as if she has no worries in the world.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → have의 과거 had. has(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: had
8
Grammar A 오류She smiles at me as if we knew each other for a long time.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] She smiles at me as if we had known each other for a long time.
② 오답 삽입She smiles at me as if we knew each other for a long time.
③ 판단 근거for a long time → 더 과거 지속 → as if + had p.p. 필수. knew(과거) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had known
9
Grammar A 오류Brian speaks as if he has endless experience in the field.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] Brian speaks as if he had endless experience in the field.
② 오답 삽입Brian speaks as if he has endless experience in the field.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → had. has(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: had
10
Grammar A 오류You talk as if you watched the movie.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] You talk as if you had watched the movie.
② 오답 삽입You talk as if you watched the movie.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. watched(과거) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 정답. 올바른 형태: had watched
대동사 (do/does/did · So/Neither) ★★★ 최고
일반동사 대동사 (do/does/did)
You know much more than she does.
→ 앞 동사 know(일반동사) → 대동사 does. did/do와 혼동 주의.
So/Neither 도치
"I love going to the movies." / "So do I!"
→ So + 대동사 + 주어. Neither + 대동사 + 주어(부정).
암기 포인트: 일반동사 → do/does/did / be동사 → am/is/are/was/were / 조동사·완료 → 그대로 사용

대동사 — Grammar B 예시 10개

1
Grammar B 오류You know much more than she is.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] You know much more than she does.
② 오답 삽입You know much more than she is.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 know(일반동사, 3인칭단수) → 대동사 does. is(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: does
2
Grammar B 오류Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so do I.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so did I.
② 오답 삽입Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so do I.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 studied(과거) → 대동사 did. do(현재) 삽입 시 시제 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: did
3
Grammar B 오류Tom is happy, and his parents do, too.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Tom is happy, and his parents are, too.
② 오답 삽입Tom is happy, and his parents do, too.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 is(be동사) → 대동사 are(복수 be). do(일반동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: are
4
Grammar B 오류"We were not late." / "Neither did Tom."
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] "We were not late." / "Neither was Tom."
② 오답 삽입"We were not late." / "Neither did Tom."
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 were(be동사 과거) → 대동사 was. did(일반동사 과거) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: was
5
Grammar B 오류"I have visited Paris twice." / "So did my sister."
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] "I have visited Paris twice." / "So has my sister."
② 오답 삽입"I have visited Paris twice." / "So did my sister."
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 have visited(현재완료) → 대동사 has. did(과거) 삽입 시 시제 오류. 올바른 형태: has
6
Grammar B 오류She has lived here longer than we did.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] She has lived here longer than we have.
② 오답 삽입She has lived here longer than we did.
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 has lived(현재완료) → 대동사 have. did(과거) 삽입 시 시제 오류. 올바른 형태: have
7
Grammar B 오류James has a kind heart just like his father is.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] James has a kind heart just like his father does.
② 오답 삽입James has a kind heart just like his father is.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 has(일반동사) → 대동사 does. is(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: does
8
Grammar B 오류I didn't pass the exam, but Amy does.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] I didn't pass the exam, but Amy did.
② 오답 삽입I didn't pass the exam, but Amy does.
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 didn't(과거) → 대동사 did. does(현재) 삽입 시 시제 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: did
9
Grammar B 오류They were laughing at the joke, but she didn't.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] They were laughing at the joke, but she wasn't.
② 오답 삽입They were laughing at the joke, but she didn't.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 were(be동사 과거) → 대동사 wasn't. didn't(일반동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: wasn't
10
Grammar B 오류Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually are.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually do.
② 오답 삽입Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually are.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 have(일반동사 현재) → 대동사 do. are(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: do
L5 핵심 어휘 20개 — 출제 빈도 순 (각 상세예시 3개)
어휘빈도문맥 단서 / 출제 오답 방향예시
lose muscle & bone density
★★★
근육·골밀도 잃다 오답 → gain / strengthen / maintain
Zero gravity makes astronauts gain muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise 150 minutes a day.
❌ gain(얻다) → 근육을 얻는다면 150분 운동할 이유 없음. That's why 인과 파괴 → lose 정답

lose muscle & bone density — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 5 원문Zero gravity also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise for 150 minutes a day.
✅ 정답 표현: lose muscle and bone density(근육·골밀도 잃다) — 뒤의 '150분 운동'이 인과 단서.
출제 시 오답 삽입Zero gravity also makes astronauts gain muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise for 150 minutes a day.
❌ 출제된 오답: gain(얻다) — 근육·골밀도를 얻는다면 매일 150분 운동할 필요가 없으므로 'That's why' 인과 연결이 파괴됨.
문맥 단서오답 판단: That's why I exercise for 150 minutes(그래서 운동함) → 운동 이유 = 부정적 변화가 있기 때문. gain(긍정적 변화)이면 운동할 이유가 없음 → lose가 맞음.
정답 찾기: ③ gain → lose로 교체.
orbit
★★★
궤도를 돌다 (공전) 오답 → rotate / revolve(자전 혼동)
The station rotates Earth once every 90 minutes
❌ rotates(자전) ↔ 지구 주위를 도는 것 = 공전(orbit) → rotates는 자기 축 회전 → orbits 정답

orbit — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 25 원문The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, and the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
✅ 정답 단어: orbits(공전하다) — 90분마다 지구 공전. 일출·일몰 45분은 공전의 절반.
출제 시 오답 삽입The station rotates Earth once every 90 minutes, and the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
❌ 출제된 오답: rotates(자전하다) — 지구를 '자전'하는 것은 불가능. 우주정거장이 지구 주위를 '공전(orbit)'하는 것이 맞음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: ISS는 지구를 중심으로 도는 공전(orbit)을 함. rotate는 자기 자신을 중심으로 도는 자전. 'orbit Earth'(지구 주위를 돌다)가 맞는 표현.
정답 찾기: ① rotates → orbits로 교체.
resistant
★★★
저항하는, 내성의 오답 → vulnerable / sensitive / open
Earth's atmosphere is vulnerable to objects entering from space
❌ vulnerable(취약한) → 취약하면 마찰 없이 통과 → friction to burn up 결과 불성립 → resistant 정답

resistant — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 100 원문Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
✅ 정답 단어: resistant(저항하는) — 대기 저항 → 마찰열 발생 → 소각. 인과 연결.
출제 시 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is vulnerable to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
❌ 출제된 오답: vulnerable(취약한) — 대기가 취약하다면 마찰열이 발생하지 않아 물체가 타지 않음. 결과(friction → burn up)와 원인이 불일치.
문맥 단서오답 판단: creates enough friction to burn up(타버릴 만한 마찰 발생) → 대기가 물체를 막아내는 것 = resistant. vulnerable(취약)이면 마찰 없이 통과 → 결과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ④ vulnerable → resistant로 교체.
install
★★★
설치하다 오답 → remove / dismantle / repair
I finally managed to remove the solar battery bases
❌ remove(제거) ↔ 우주 유영 임무 = 새 장치 부착 → 제거가 아닌 설치 → install 정답

install — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 60 원문The task seemed to take forever, but I finally managed to install the solar battery bases on the exterior of the station.
✅ 정답 단어: install(설치하다) — 우주 유영의 목적이 태양 전지 기반 장치 설치.
출제 시 오답 삽입The task seemed to take forever, but I finally managed to remove the solar battery bases on the exterior of the station.
❌ 출제된 오답: remove(제거하다) — 임무가 '설치(install)'이었지 '제거'가 아님. 맥락상 어려운 임무 끝에 성공했다는 내용과도 일치 안 함.
문맥 단서오답 판단: solar battery bases(태양 전지 기반 장치) + on the exterior(외부에) → 우주 유영으로 새 장치 부착 = install. remove는 기존 것을 떼어내는 것.
정답 찾기: ⑤ remove → install로 교체.
float
★★
떠다니다 오답 → sink / fall / drop
there's no good way to spit in space because everything sinks
❌ sinks(가라앉다) ↔ 무중력 환경 → 물체가 가라앉지 않고 떠다님 → floats 정답

float — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 25 원문I swallow the toothpaste with a sip of water from a bag with a straw, as there's no good way to spit in space because everything floats.
✅ 정답 단어: floats(떠다니다) — 무중력이라 뱉은 치약도 공중에 떠다녀 뱉을 방법이 없음.
출제 시 오답 삽입I swallow the toothpaste with a sip of water from a bag with a straw, as there's no good way to spit in space because everything sinks.
❌ 출제된 오답: sinks(가라앉다) — 우주는 중력이 없어 가라앉는 것이 없음. 뱉을 방법이 없는 이유는 '뱉은 것이 떠다니기 때문'.
문맥 단서오답 판단: no good way to spit(뱉을 방법 없음) → 이유 = 무중력 → 뱉은 것이 float(떠다님). sinks는 중력이 있을 때만 가능 → 우주 환경과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ③ sinks → floats로 교체.
harsh
★★
혹독한, 가혹한 오답 → gentle / comfortable / easy
one of the most dangerous and physically comfortable things an astronaut ever does
❌ comfortable(편안한) ↔ most dangerous(가장 위험한)와 and로 병렬 → 반대 의미 공존 불가 → harsh 정답

harsh — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 99 원문Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an astronaut ever does.
✅ 정답 단어: harsh(혹독한) — 1,650°C 마찰열, 중력 변화 등 귀환 과정이 극도로 힘듦.
출제 시 오답 삽입Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically comfortable things an astronaut ever does.
❌ 출제된 오답: comfortable(편안한) — '가장 위험한' 일이라고 했는데 '편안하다'는 것은 모순. dangerous와 comfortable은 공존 불가.
문맥 단서오답 판단: most dangerous(가장 위험한) + and → 뒤에도 부정적 단어가 와야 병렬 구조 성립. comfortable(긍정)은 dangerous(부정)와 and로 연결 불가.
정답 찾기: ② comfortable → harsh로 교체.
dense
★★
빽빽한, 밀집한 오답 → sparse / thin / bare
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a sparse forest
❌ sparse(듬성듬성한) ↔ 99일 성장 결과 = 빽빽하게 자람 → dense 정답

dense — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 99 원문I would miss especially my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest.
✅ 정답 단어: dense(빽빽한) — 99일간 자란 바질 잎이 빽빽하게 숲을 이룬 모습.
출제 시 오답 삽입I would miss especially my basil plants, whose leaves had become a sparse forest.
❌ 출제된 오답: sparse(듬성듬성한) — 99일간 성장하여 빽빽해진 것을 '듬성듬성한 숲'이라고 하면 앞 문맥(성장·그리움)과 충돌.
문맥 단서오답 판단: had become(~이 되었다) + forest(숲) → 성장의 결과. 99일 성장 = 빽빽하게 자람 = dense. sparse(듬성)는 성장 결과로 적합하지 않음.
정답 찾기: ④ sparse → dense로 교체.
weightless
★★
무중력의, 무게 없는 오답 → heavy / weighted / burdened
Everything has enormous weight in space — I can lift huge objects with one finger.
❌ enormous weight(엄청난 무게) ↔ 한 손가락으로 거대 물체 들기 → 무거우면 불가능 → zero weight/weightless 정답

weightless — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 5 원문Everything has zero weight in space. This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger as if I were a superhero.
✅ 정답 개념: weightless/zero weight(무중력) → 슈퍼히어로처럼 거대한 물체를 한 손가락으로 들 수 있음.
출제 시 오답 삽입Everything has enormous weight in space. This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger as if I were a superhero.
❌ 출제된 오답: enormous weight(엄청난 무게) — 무거우면 한 손가락으로 거대한 물체를 들 수 없음. 결과(lifting huge objects)와 원인(zero weight)이 단절됨.
문맥 단서오답 판단: enables me … to lift huge objects with one finger(한 손가락으로 거대 물체 들기) → 이것이 가능한 이유 = 무중력(zero weight/weightless). enormous weight는 반대 조건.
정답 찾기: ① enormous weight → zero weight로 교체.
void
★★
허공, 공허, 진공 오답 → ground / surface / safety net
If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the safety net.
❌ safety net(안전망) ↔ 우주 공간에 안전망 없음 + 공포 묘사 맥락 → void(허공) 정답

void — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 60 원문I thought, "If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the void."
✅ 정답 단어: void(허공/진공) — 손을 놓치면 무한한 우주 공간으로 떨어진다는 공포 묘사.
출제 시 오답 삽입I thought, "If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the safety net."
❌ 출제된 오답: safety net(안전망) — 우주에는 안전망이 없고, 두려움·공포의 문맥에서 안전망은 어울리지 않음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 우주 유영 중 손잡이를 놓침 → 공포의 결과. void(무한한 허공)가 공포감을 극대화. safety net(안전)은 공포 문맥과 완전히 반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ⑤ safety net → void로 교체.
friction
★★
마찰 (열) 오답 → momentum / speed / pressure
any object creates enough momentum to burn up from the heat
❌ momentum(운동량) ↔ 열 발생의 직접 원인 = 마찰(friction) → resistant → friction → heat → burn up 인과 → friction 정답

friction — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 100 원문Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
✅ 정답 단어: friction(마찰) — 대기 저항 → 마찰 → 마찰열 → 소각. 인과 연결.
출제 시 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough momentum to burn up from the heat.
❌ 출제된 오답: momentum(운동량) — 운동량은 열 발생의 직접 원인이 아님. '마찰(friction)'이 열을 발생시키는 물리적 원인.
문맥 단서오답 판단: burn up from the heat(열로 인해 소각) → 열의 원인 = friction(마찰). resistant(저항) → friction(마찰) → heat(열) → burn up(소각) 인과 연결.
정답 찾기: ③ momentum → friction으로 교체.
inhabited
사람이 거주하는 오답 → first / third / tenth (숫자 변경)
the first space station to be inhabited by humans
❌ first(첫 번째) ↔ 원문 ninth(아홉 번째) → 숫자 변경 함정 → ninth 암기 필수

inhabited — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 ISS FR 원문The International Space Station is the ninth space station to be inhabited by humans.
✅ 정답 단어: inhabited(거주된) — 사람이 실제로 살고 있는 우주정거장.
출제 시 오답 삽입The International Space Station is the first space station to be inhabited by humans.
❌ 출제된 오답: first(첫 번째) — 원문은 'ninth(아홉 번째)'. 숫자 변경이 가장 흔한 내용일치 함정.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 내용일치 숫자 암기 — ISS는 ninth(9번째) 우주정거장. first/second 등 다른 숫자가 오답 삽입 포인트.
정답 찾기: 수치 함정 → ninth를 first/third/tenth 등으로 변경한 것이 오답.
de-orbit
궤도 이탈시키다 내용일치
NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2030
연도 함정: 2025·2035 오답

de-orbit — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 ISS FR 원문In January 2022, NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2030.
✅ 정답 단어: de-orbit(궤도 이탈시키다) — ISS를 2030년에 궤도에서 이탈시켜 처분하는 계획.
출제 시 오답 삽입In January 2022, NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2025.
❌ 출제된 오답: 2025 — 원문은 2030. 연도 변경이 내용일치 함정. 2025/2035도 자주 출제.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 연도 암기 — NASA 발표(2022년 1월) + 궤도 이탈 예정(2030년). 2025/2035 등 앞뒤 연도가 함정.
정답 찾기: 2030 → 2025/2035로 변경한 것이 오답.
gravity / microgravity
중력 / 미세중력 오답 → nutrition / oxygen / pressure
Zero nutrition also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density.
❌ nutrition(영양) ↔ That's why I exercise(운동이 해결책) → 영양 부족은 운동으로 해결 불가 → gravity 정답

gravity / microgravity — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 5 원문Zero gravity also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
✅ 정답 단어: gravity(중력) — zero gravity = 무중력. 근육·골밀도 손실의 원인.
출제 시 오답 삽입Zero nutrition also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
❌ 출제된 오답: nutrition(영양) — 영양이 없어서 근육을 잃는다면 뒤에서 운동(exercise)이 해결책이 될 수 없음. 운동으로 해결되는 것은 중력 부재(gravity).
문맥 단서오답 판단: That's why I exercise 150 minutes(운동이 해결책) → 운동으로 해결 가능한 것은 근육 약화. 근육 약화 원인 = zero gravity. zero nutrition은 운동으로 해결 불가.
정답 찾기: ② nutrition → gravity로 교체.
descent
하강, 귀환 오답 → ascent / launch / liftoff
On Day 100, the ascent began.
❌ ascent(상승) ↔ Day 99 귀환 예고 + Day 100 낙하산·착륙 묘사 → 하강(descent) 정답

descent — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 100 원문On Day 100, the descent began. Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
✅ 정답 단어: descent(하강/귀환) — 100일째 지구 귀환 시작. 이후 대기권 재진입 묘사.
출제 시 오답 삽입On Day 100, the ascent began. Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
❌ 출제된 오답: ascent(상승) — 100일째는 지구로 돌아가는 날. 상승(ascent)이 아닌 하강(descent)이 맞음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: Day 99 — returning to Earth(지구 귀환 예고) + Day 100 — parachute, landed(낙하산, 착륙) → Day 100은 하강(descent). ascent(상승)는 Day 1(발사)에 해당.
정답 찾기: ① ascent → descent로 교체.
astronaut
우주비행사 오답 → engineer / scientist / researcher
Coming back down is one of the most dangerous things an engineer ever does.
❌ engineer(엔지니어·지상 근무) ↔ 귀환 캡슐에 직접 탑승하는 사람 = astronaut → astronaut 정답

astronaut — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 99 원문Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an astronaut ever does.
✅ 정답 단어: astronaut(우주비행사) — 귀환이 우주비행사가 겪는 가장 위험한 경험.
출제 시 오답 삽입Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an engineer ever does.
❌ 출제된 오답: engineer(엔지니어) — 귀환(re-entry)을 직접 경험하는 것은 우주선에 탑승한 우주비행사이지 지상의 엔지니어가 아님.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 일인칭 화자(Yujin)가 직접 경험하는 행위 → astronaut(우주비행사). engineer(엔지니어)는 지상 근무자로 귀환 캡슐을 직접 타지 않음.
정답 찾기: ④ engineer → astronaut로 교체.
spacecraft
우주선 오답 → submarine / aircraft / vehicle
It is used to test submarine systems required for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
❌ submarine(잠수함) ↔ Moon·Mars·asteroids(우주 목적지) → 수중 이동 수단은 우주 탐사에 불필요 → spacecraft 정답

spacecraft — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 ISS FR 원문It is also used to test spacecraft systems required for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
✅ 정답 단어: spacecraft(우주선) — ISS에서 달·화성·소행성 탐사용 우주선 시스템 테스트.
출제 시 오답 삽입It is also used to test submarine systems required for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
❌ 출제된 오답: submarine(잠수함) — 달·화성·소행성 탐사에 잠수함은 불필요. 우주 탐사 = 우주선(spacecraft).
문맥 단서오답 판단: Moon, Mars, asteroids(달·화성·소행성) → 우주 목적지 → 필요한 것은 spacecraft(우주선). submarine(잠수함)은 수중 이동 수단으로 우주 탐사와 무관.
정답 찾기: ② submarine → spacecraft로 교체.
convinced
확신하는 오답 → doubtful / uncertain / skeptical
I woke up doubting that I'm upside down.
❌ doubting(의심하는) ↔ 무중력에서 방향 완전 상실 → 강한 확신 상태 = convinced → convinced 정답

convinced — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 5 원문Sometimes I wake up convinced that I'm upside down, but height and weight lose their meaning in space.
✅ 정답 단어: convinced(확신하는) — 무중력 환경에서 방향 감각을 잃어 뒤집혀 있다고 확신하는 상태.
출제 시 오답 삽입Sometimes I wake up doubting that I'm upside down, but height and weight lose their meaning in space.
❌ 출제된 오답: doubting(의심하는) — 뒤집혀 있다고 '의심'하면 약한 느낌. 실제로 본인은 강하게 확신(convinced)하는 상태가 맞음.
문맥 단서오답 판단: height and weight lose their meaning(방향·무게 기준 상실) → 방향 감각이 완전히 사라진 상태 → 강한 확신(convinced). doubting(의심)은 확신의 정도가 너무 약함.
정답 찾기: ③ doubting → convinced로 교체.
parachute
낙하산 오답 → 숫자 변경(8km → 3km)
a parachute caught the capsule at about three kilometers above the planet
❌ three(3km) ↔ 원문 about eight kilometers(약 8km) → 숫자 변경 함정 → 8km 암기 필수

parachute — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 100 원문A parachute caught the capsule at about eight kilometers above the planet and dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
✅ 정답 단어: parachute(낙하산) — 8km 고도에서 낙하산이 캡슐을 감속.
출제 시 오답 삽입A parachute caught the capsule at about three kilometers above the planet and dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
❌ 출제된 오답: three(3km) — 원문은 about eight kilometers(약 8km). 숫자 변경 함정.
문맥 단서오답 판단: 숫자 암기 — 낙하산 전개 고도 = about eight kilometers(약 8km). 3km/15km 등 다른 수치가 오답 삽입 포인트.
정답 찾기: 8km → 다른 수치로 변경한 것이 오답.
module
모듈, 구획 오답 → fuel tanks / engines / propellers
experiment modules, habitation modules, fuel tanks, and robotic arms
❌ fuel tanks(연료 탱크) ↔ ISS 4구성 요소: 실험 모듈·거주 모듈·solar battery panels·로봇 팔 → solar battery panels 정답

module — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 ISS FR 원문It is composed of many different sections, such as experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms.
✅ 정답 단어: modules(모듈/구획) — ISS 구성 4요소: 실험 모듈, 거주 모듈, 태양 전지판, 로봇 팔.
출제 시 오답 삽입It is composed of many different sections, such as experiment modules, habitation modules, fuel tanks, and robotic arms.
❌ 출제된 오답: fuel tanks(연료 탱크) — ISS 구성 요소 목록에 fuel tanks는 없음. 원문은 solar battery panels(태양 전지판).
문맥 단서오답 판단: ISS 4구성 요소 암기 필수 — ①실험 모듈 ②거주 모듈 ③solar battery panels(태양 전지판) ④로봇 팔. fuel tanks는 이 목록에 없음.
정답 찾기: solar battery panels → fuel tanks로 변경한 것이 오답.
airlock
에어락 (기밀실) 오답 → emergency exit / hatch / window
Scott and I went to an emergency exit connected to the outside of the station
❌ emergency exit(비상구) ↔ 계획된 우주 유영 전용 통로 = airlock(기밀실) → airlock 정답

airlock — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

L5 Day 60 원문Scott and I went to an airlock connected to the outside of the station, put on our spacesuits, and floated gently into space.
✅ 정답 단어: airlock(에어락) — 우주 유영을 위해 거치는 기밀실. 내부 기압과 외부 진공의 경계.
출제 시 오답 삽입Scott and I went to an emergency exit connected to the outside of the station, put on our spacesuits, and floated gently into space.
❌ 출제된 오답: emergency exit(비상구) — 우주 유영을 위한 전용 통로는 airlock(기밀실). 비상구는 비상시 탈출용이지 계획된 우주 유영 경로가 아님.
문맥 단서오답 판단: put on spacesuits … floated gently into space(우주복 착용 후 유영) → 계획된 우주 유영 출입구 = airlock. emergency exit은 비상 상황 전용이므로 계획된 유영과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ③ emergency exit → airlock으로 교체.
내용일치 핵심 숫자 암기표 (함정 단골)
항목정확한 수치자주 나오는 오답 수치
공전 주기90분 / 회45분 (일출·일몰 주기와 혼동 ← 최다 출제)
일출·일몰 주기45분90분 (공전 주기와 혼동)
ISS 건설 기간약 20년약 10년 ← 설명판단 기출 함정
ISS까지 도달 시간27시간24시간 / 48시간
고도400km300km / 600km
하루 운동 시간150분60분 / 100분
재진입 온도1,650°C1,000°C / 2,000°C
낙하산 작동 고도약 8km3km / 15km
ISS 건설 국가 수15개국20개국 / 10개국
ISS 궤도 이탈 예정2030년2025년 / 2035년
ISS 연속 거주 시작2000년1990년 / 2010년
유진의 여행 횟수3번째첫 번째 / 두 번째
90분 vs 45분 암기법: 지구 공전(더 큰 움직임) = 더 긴 시간 90분. 일출·일몰(공전의 절반 지점) = 절반 시간 45분.