화봉고등학교 2학년 영어 기말고사
어법·어휘 완전 정리
YBM 영어Ⅰ (박준언) L4·L5
+ 2026년 6월 고1 모의고사
출제 빈도 상위 어법 포인트
①
도치 구문 ★★★ 최고

도치 구문 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류So, in under three years the project was finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: was the project finished
① 출제 원문[L4] So, in under three years was the project finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
② 오답 삽입So, in under three years the project was finished, though it was initially thought to take about 10 years.
③ 판단 근거부사구 문두 → 동사+주어 도치 필수. 일반 어순(the project was finished)으로 바꾸면 오류.
2
L4 오류In King Jeongjo's mind big plans were for Hwaseong.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: were big plans
① 출제 원문[L4] In King Jeongjo's mind were big plans for Hwaseong.
② 오답 삽입In King Jeongjo's mind big plans were for Hwaseong.
③ 판단 근거전치사구 문두 → be동사+주어 도치. 일반 어순(big plans were) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류Not just about putting on a show the procession was — it was serious business.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 도치 어순 위반. 올바른 형태: was the procession
① 출제 원문[L4] Not just about putting on a show was the procession — it was serious business.
② 오답 삽입Not just about putting on a show the procession was — it was serious business.
③ 판단 근거부정 표현 문두 → 도치(was+주어). 도치 해제(the procession was) 시 오류.
4
모의 오류Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession the people truly felt his devotion to family.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Not until절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: did the people truly feel
① 출제 원문[모의 변형] Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession did the people truly feel his devotion to family.
② 오답 삽입Not until King Jeongjo launched the Grand Procession the people truly felt his devotion to family.
③ 판단 근거Not until절 문두 → did+주어+동사원형 도치 필수. the people truly felt(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
5
모의 36번 오류Not only the earth was much colder, but crucially, much drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Not only 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: was the earth
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Not only was the earth much colder, but crucially, much drier.
② 오답 삽입Not only the earth was much colder, but crucially, much drier.
③ 판단 근거Not only 문두 → 조동사+주어 도치. 일반 어순(the earth was) 삽입 시 오류.
6
모의 36번 오류Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted we experienced a sudden explosion of life.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Only after절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: did we experience
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted did we experience a sudden explosion of life.
② 오답 삽입Only after temperatures rose and the permanent snow melted we experienced a sudden explosion of life.
③ 판단 근거Only after절 문두 → did+주어+원형 도치 필수. we experienced(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 37번 오류Never I had seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Never 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: had I seen
① 출제 원문[모의 37번] Never had I seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
② 오답 삽입Never I had seen such a clear distinction between working memory and long-term memory.
③ 판단 근거Never(부정부사) 문두 → had+주어 도치. I had(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
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모의 40번 오류Rarely we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Rarely 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: do we realize
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Rarely do we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
② 오답 삽입Rarely we realize that our decisions are driven by emotion, not logic.
③ 판단 근거Rarely(부정부사) 문두 → do+주어+원형 도치. we realize(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 39번 오류Only by planting more trees we can reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Only by절 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: can we reduce
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Only by planting more trees can we reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
② 오답 삽입Only by planting more trees we can reduce atmospheric CO₂ effectively.
③ 판단 근거Only by+동명사구 문두 → can+주어+원형 도치. we can(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 38번 오류So compelling the results were that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → So+형용사 문두 도치 위반. 올바른 형태: were the results
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] So compelling were the results that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
② 오답 삽입So compelling the results were that researchers repeated the gesture study with a larger group.
③ 판단 근거So+형용사 문두 → were+주어 도치. the results were(일반 어순) 삽입 시 오류.
Not just about putting on a show was the procession — it was serious business.
→ 부사구 문두 도치: 동사(was)+주어(the procession) 어순. 정문이지만 도치 해제된 오류 형태와 혼동 주의.
In King Jeongjo's mind were big plans for a new capital city.
→ 전치사구(In …) 문두 도치: were+주어 어순. L4 본문 변형.
출제 함정: 도치 어순(was the procession)을 틀린 것처럼 설정하거나, 도치 해제된 오류 형태(the procession was)로 교체해 비교.
②
수일치 + 삽입구 ★★★ 최고

수일치 + 삽입구 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류These records, along with the construction plans, was eventually recognized by UNESCO.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → along with 삽입구 수일치 위반. 올바른 형태: were
① 출제 원문[L4] These records, along with the construction plans, were eventually recognized by UNESCO.
② 오답 삽입These records, along with the construction plans, was eventually recognized by UNESCO.
③ 판단 근거"along with …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 These records(복수) → were. was 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
2
L4 오류More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marches alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 복수 주어에 단수 동사. 올바른 형태: marched
① 출제 원문[L4] More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marched alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입More than 2,000 soldiers, hundreds of horse riders, and lots of important officials marches alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거A, B, and C = 복수 주어 → marched(복수). 단수 marches 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
3
L4 오류King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → as well as 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: was
① 출제 원문[L4] King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, was determined to build a new capital.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital.
③ 판단 근거"as well as …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 King Jeongjo(단수) → was. were 삽입 시 오류.
4
L4 오류The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → together with 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
① 출제 원문[L4] The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolizes Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거"together with …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 The procession(단수) → symbolizes. 복수 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 오류The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → together with 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolizes Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
② 오답 삽입The procession, together with the fortress construction, symbolize Jeongjo's devotion to his people.
③ 판단 근거"together with …"는 삽입구 → 핵심 주어 The procession(단수) → symbolizes. 복수 symbolize 삽입 시 수일치 오류. 올바른 형태: symbolizes
6
L4 오류King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → as well as 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: was
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, was determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo, as well as his officials, were determined to build a new capital in Hwaseong.
③ 판단 근거"as well as …"는 삽입구 → 핵심 주어 King Jeongjo(단수) → was. 복수 were 삽입 시 수일치 오류. 올바른 형태: was
7
모의 40번 오류The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, play a key role in daily decisions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → in addition to 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: plays
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, plays a key role in daily decisions.
② 오답 삽입The danger detector, in addition to conscious judgment, play a key role in daily decisions.
③ 판단 근거"in addition to …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 단수 → plays. 복수 play 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 38번 오류The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remember significantly more items.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → unlike 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: remembered
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remembered significantly more items.
② 오답 삽입The group that gestured, unlike the non-gesture group, remember significantly more items.
③ 판단 근거"unlike …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 The group(단수) → remembered. 복수 remember 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 36번 오류Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, begins farming gradually over thousands of years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → including 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: began
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, began farming gradually over thousands of years.
② 오답 삽입Hunter-gatherers, including those in northern Europe, begins farming gradually over thousands of years.
③ 판단 근거"including …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 Hunter-gatherers(복수) → began. 단수 begins 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, help children organize their visual attention.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → like 삽입구에 혼동. 올바른 형태: helps
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, helps children organize their visual attention.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder, like other drawing aids, help children organize their visual attention.
③ 판단 근거"like …"는 삽입구. 핵심 주어 A viewfinder(단수) → helps. 복수 help 삽입 시 오류.
These records, along with the construction plans, ⑤were eventually recognized… ← 정문(출제 원문)
These records, along with the construction plans, ⑤was eventually recognized… ← ❌ 오답 삽입 (이것을 찾아야 함)
핵심 주어 These records(복수) → were가 맞음. along with 삽입구로 주어를 가려 was를 넣는 것이 출제 오류.
암기 포인트: along with / as well as / together with / in addition to 는 삽입구. 핵심 주어의 수를 바꾸지 않는다.
③
관계대명사 that / which ★★★ 최고

관계대명사 that / which — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류something, that was unheard of at that time
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[L4] something that was unheard of at that time
② 오답 삽입something, that was unheard of at that time
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음) → that/which 모두 가능. 쉼표+that 삽입이 실제 출제 오류 패턴 (계속적 용법에 that 불가).
2
L4 오류the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
② 오답 삽입the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능. 쉼표+that 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 용법 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
4
L4 FR 오류Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
② 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
③ 판단 근거소유격 관계대명사 whose = of which. "whose uniqueness" ✓ / "which its uniqueness" 비문 / 쉼표+that ✗
5
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, , that was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, , that was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 쉼표 뒤 관계사는 which만 가능. 올바른 형태: which
6
L4 오류They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, , that must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, which must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
② 오답 삽입They crossed a bridge made of 36 boats on the Hangang River, , that must have been something ordinary people rarely saw.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 쉼표 뒤는 반드시 which. 올바른 형태: which
7
L4 FR 오류Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, , that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that 불가 / whose로 소유격 표현. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
② 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, , that uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 불가 / 소유격 관계대명사 whose 필요. whose = of which. 올바른 형태: whose
8
모의 36번 오류Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 절 전체 선행사에 that 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, which caused the earth to become drier.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. that 불가.
9
모의 38번 오류The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+which 불가. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The study found something that surprised many researchers.
② 오답 삽입The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류The 'danger detector' proposes a mechanism, which operates before conscious judgment begins.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법에 쉼표+which 혼동. 올바른 형태: that(쉼표 없이)
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] The danger detector proposes a mechanism that operates before conscious judgment begins.
② 오답 삽입The danger detector proposes a mechanism, which operates before conscious judgment begins.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법 → 선행사를 한정. 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동.
계속적 용법 (쉼표+관계사)
the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
→ 쉼표 있으면 which만 가능. that 불가.
제한적 용법 (쉼표 없음)
something that was unheard of at that time
→ 쉼표 없으면 that / which 모두 가능.
쉼표+that → ×, 쉼표+which → ○. 쉼표 유무가 핵심 판단 기준.
④
to부정사 vs 동명사 ★★ 높음

to부정사 vs 동명사 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류He was planning holding a memorial service to honor his late father.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → plan 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to hold
① 출제 원문[L4] He was planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father.
② 오답 삽입He was planning holding a memorial service to honor his late father.
③ 판단 근거plan → to부정사만 가능. 동명사(holding) 삽입 시 오류.
2
L4 오류He was really serious about to make the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 about 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: making
① 출제 원문[L4] He was really serious about making the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
② 오답 삽입He was really serious about to make the Joseon Dynasty a powerful and successful kingdom.
③ 판단 근거전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능. to부정사(to make) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L4 오류King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques building Hwaseong Fortress.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 목적 to부정사 자리에 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to build
① 출제 원문[L4] King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques to build Hwaseong Fortress.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques building Hwaseong Fortress.
③ 판단 근거목적의 to부정사. 동명사(building) 삽입 시 목적어 위치 구조 혼동.
4
L4 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope 뒤 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만 가능. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to make
6
L4 오류King Jeongjo let them to bring together the finest architectural techniques.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 사역동사 let+목+원형. to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: bring
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] King Jeongjo let them bring together the finest architectural techniques.
② 오답 삽입King Jeongjo let them to bring together the finest architectural techniques.
③ 판단 근거사역동사 let + 목적어 + 동사원형. to부정사(to bring) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: bring
7
L4 오류He was really serious about to improve the lives of ordinary people.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 about 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: improving
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] He was really serious about improving the lives of ordinary people.
② 오답 삽입He was really serious about to improve the lives of ordinary people.
③ 판단 근거전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능. to부정사(to improve) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: improving
8
모의 20번 오류Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 by 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: practicing
① 출제 원문[모의 20번] Children learn values by practicing various kinds of behaviors.
② 오답 삽입Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
③ 판단 근거전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. to부정사(to practice) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 22번 오류You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → need to do 구문에 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to pay
① 출제 원문[모의 22번] You need to pay attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
② 오답 삽입You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
③ 판단 근거need to do(~해야 한다). 동명사(paying) 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 39번 오류Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → avoid 뒤 to부정사 불가. 올바른 형태: releasing
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees avoid releasing excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen through photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거avoid → 동명사만. to부정사(to release) 삽입 시 오류.
He was planning to hold a memorial service.
plan → to부정사만 가능. 동명사 불가.
serious about making the Joseon Dynasty powerful.
전치사 about 뒤 → 동명사만 가능.
동사to부정사동명사출제 함정
plan✓✗planning to hold ✓ vs planning holding ✗
hope✓✗hoped to make ✓ — L4 원문
let (사역)✗✗let them bring(원형) — L4 원문
⑤
분사구문 (동시동작) ★★ 높음

분사구문 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류Wore armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Wearing
① 출제 원문[L4] Wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
② 오답 삽입Wore armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Wore) 불가. 의미상 주어 King Jeongjo가 능동 → 현재분사 Wearing.
2
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 현재분사 Lasting이어야 정문.
3
L4 FR 오류Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상(Hwaseong)에 능동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Built
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
③ 판단 근거Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → 과거분사(Built). 능동 Building 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
4
L4 오류Combined the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 능동 주어(he)에 수동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Combining
① 출제 원문[L4] Combining the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
② 오답 삽입Combined the two events, he was telling everyone how much family meant to him.
③ 판단 근거he(King Jeongjo)가 능동적으로 결합 → Combining. 수동 Combined 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
5
L4 오류Combined the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 능동 주어(King Jeongjo)에 수동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Combining
① 출제 원문[L4 변형] Combining the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
② 오답 삽입Combined the two events into one, King Jeongjo showed how much family meant to him.
③ 판단 근거King Jeongjo가 능동적으로 결합 → 현재분사(Combining). 수동 Combined 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치. 올바른 형태: Combining
6
L4 FR 오류Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displaying strong walls.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 현재분사 불가(본동사 필요). 올바른 형태: displayed
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displaying strong walls.
③ 판단 근거분사구문(Built) 이후 주절에는 본동사 필요. displaying(분사) 삽입 시 본동사 누락 오류. 올바른 형태: displayed
7
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 현재분사 Lasting이어야 정문. 올바른 형태: Lasting
8
모의 36번 오류Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Rising
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Rising steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
② 오답 삽입Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape within centuries.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형(Rose) 불가. temperatures가 능동 → 현재분사 Rising.
9
모의 38번 오류Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 동사 과거형 불가. 올바른 형태: Gesturing
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesturing while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
② 오답 삽입Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more than those who did not gesture.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. adults가 능동 → 현재분사 Gesturing.
10
모의 40번 오류Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 상태 주어에 능동 분사 불가. 올바른 형태: Convinced
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Convinced that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
② 오답 삽입Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
③ 판단 근거most people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → 과거분사(Convinced). 능동 Convincing 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
Wearing armor and sitting on a horse with his soldiers marching in perfect order.
→ 동시동작 현재분사 / with+명사+현재분사(능동) 독립분사구문.
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved…
→ 분사구문 의미상 주어 = the procession (일치 확인 필수).
⑥
수동태 (진행·완료) ★★ 높음

수동태 — 시험 범위 내 예시 10개

1
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성은 건설되는 수동 대상. 능동 진행형 불가. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → 진행 수동(was being built). 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류.
2
L4 오류He made sure everything documented properly by creating records.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동태 be동사 생략 불가. 올바른 형태: was documented
① 출제 원문[L4] He made sure everything was documented properly by creating records.
② 오답 삽입He made sure everything documented properly by creating records.
③ 판단 근거"기록이 만들어지는" 수동 맥락. 능동 documented 단독 사용 시 주어-동사 불일치.
3
L4 오류These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동태 be동사 생략 불가. 올바른 형태: were recognized
① 출제 원문[L4] These records were recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
② 오답 삽입These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
③ 판단 근거"by UNESCO" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 능동 recognized 단독 사용 시 오류.
4
L4 오류ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be required to + 동사원형. 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to work
① 출제 원문[L4] ordinary people were typically required to work on public projects without getting paid.
② 오답 삽입ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
③ 판단 근거be required to + 동사원형. to부정사 자리에 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류.
5
L4 FR 오류These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → by행위자 있으므로 수동 필수. 올바른 형태: were recognized
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] These records were recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
② 오답 삽입These records recognized by UNESCO as proof that the fortress had been faithfully restored.
③ 판단 근거"by UNESCO" 행위자 → 수동태 필수. 능동 recognized 단독 사용 시 오류. 올바른 형태: were recognized
6
L4 오류ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be required to + 동사원형. 동명사 불가. 올바른 형태: to work
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] ordinary people were typically required to work on public projects without getting paid.
② 오답 삽입ordinary people were typically required working on public projects without getting paid.
③ 판단 근거be required to + 동사원형. to부정사 자리에 동명사(working) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: to work
7
L4 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성은 건설되는 수동 대상. 능동 진행형 불가. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of Jeongjo's vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = 건설되는 수동 대상 → 진행 수동(was being built). 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: was being built
8
L4 오류He made sure everything documented properly by creating detailed records.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 맥락에 능동형 불가. 올바른 형태: was documented
① 출제 원문[L4 본문] He made sure everything was documented properly by creating detailed records.
② 오답 삽입He made sure everything documented properly by creating detailed records.
③ 판단 근거"기록이 만들어지는" 수동 맥락. 능동 documented 단독 사용 시 주어-동사 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: was documented
9
모의 39번 오류CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상에 능동 불가. 올바른 형태: is converted
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] CO₂ is converted to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 능동 converts 삽입 시 주어-동사 관계 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 수동 대상에 능동 불가. 올바른 형태: can be used
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder can be used to isolate part of a picture or object.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
③ 판단 근거뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 능동 can use 삽입 시 주어-동사 관계 오류.
진행 수동
Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built.
→ was being + p.p. (진행 수동)
완료 수동
the fortress had been faithfully restored.
→ had been + p.p. (완료 수동) — L4 FR 원문
everything was documented properly.
→ was + p.p. (일반 수동) — L4 본문 원문
진행 수동: was being + p.p. / 완료 수동: had been + p.p. / 일반 수동: was + p.p.
본문 문장별 체크 포인트
원문 구조어법 포인트위험도
These records, along with the plans, was recognized ← ❌ 출제 오답
These records, along with the plans, were recognized ← ✅ 정답
삽입구 수일치 — was → were 고
the art, that focused on important figures ← ❌ 출제 오답
the art, which focused on important figures ← ✅ 정답
쉼표+that → which 교체 고
let them bring together the finest techniques
사역동사 let + 원형 (to bring 불가) 고
something that was unheard of at that time
형용사구(unheard of) — 동사 자리 혼동 고
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers
분사구문 의미상 주어 일치 중
how much family meant to him
간접의문문 어순 (how much+주어+동사) 중
He made sure everything was documented
수동태 — 능동 혼동 중
Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan
과거분사구 수동 의미 분사구문 중
though it was initially thought to take about 10 years
수동태 + though vs despite 구별 저
L4 핵심 어휘 20개 — 출제 빈도 순 (각 상세예시 3개)
어휘빈도뜻출제 오답 방향 · 문맥 단서예시
accessible
★★★
접근 가능한 오답 → restricted / limited / exclusive
he made government more restricted. He added special exams…
뒤 "giving more people a shot" → restricted는 역방향 → accessible 정답

accessible — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Through the procession, King Jeongjo made government more accessible. He added special exams during the procession, giving more people a shot at joining the government.
✅ 정답 단어: accessible(접근 가능한) — 뒤에 '더 많은 기회 제공'이 근거.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Through the procession, King Jeongjo made government more restricted. He added special exams during the procession, giving more people a shot at joining the government.
❌ 출제된 오답: restricted(제한된) — 뒤에 '기회를 더 많이 준다'는 내용과 반대 방향.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단 전략: restricted(제한된) ↔ He added special exams … giving more people a shot(더 많은 기회 제공) → 역접 방향 불일치 → restricted가 오답.
정답 찾기: ④ restricted → accessible로 교체해야 문맥 일치.
authentic
★★★
진정한, 진품의 오답 → artificial / fake / imitated
weren't totally convinced it was artificial. But after checking translated documents…
❌ artificial(가짜)이면 문서 검토 후 승인(came around) 흐름 불성립 → authentic이 정답

authentic — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, they finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: authentic(진정한, 진품의) — 번역 문서 검토 후 세계유산 등재 승인.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was artificial. But after checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, they finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: artificial(인공적인/가짜) — '번역 문서 검토 후 승인'이라는 결과와 의미가 충돌.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단 전략: UNESCO가 '가짜(artificial)라는 것을 확신하지 못했다'면 문서 검토 후 승인하는 흐름이 성립 안 됨. → 진품(authentic)이어야 검토 후 승인 가능.
정답 찾기: ③ artificial → authentic으로 교체.
documented
★★★
기록된 오답 → ignored / concealed / erased
He made sure everything was concealed properly by creating records for the procession and the construction.
❌ concealed(숨기다) ↔ by creating records(기록 생성) → 기록 공개와 숨기기는 반대 방향 → documented 정답

documented — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문He made sure everything was documented properly by creating records for both the procession and the construction of Hwaseong Fortress.
✅ 정답 단어: documented(기록된) — 기록을 만들었다는 결과가 뒤에 제시됨.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입He made sure everything was concealed properly by creating records for both the procession and the construction of Hwaseong Fortress.
❌ 출제된 오답: concealed(숨겨진) — '기록을 만들었다'는 목적과 완전히 반대 방향.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: concealed(숨기다) ↔ by creating records(기록을 만듦으로써) → 기록을 만드는 것은 공개·보존 행위이므로 concealed와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ④ concealed → documented로 교체.
lifesaver
★★★
매우 유용한 것, 구원 오답 → obstacle / burden / useless
These construction records were especially a burden when the fortress was damaged during wartime.
❌ burden(짐·부담) → 복원에 결정적 도움이 됐다는 맥락과 반대 → lifesaver 정답

lifesaver — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문These construction records were especially a lifesaver when the fortress was damaged during wartime and needed to be restored.
✅ 정답 단어: lifesaver(큰 도움이 된 것) — 전쟁 피해 후 복원에 결정적 역할.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입These construction records were especially a burden when the fortress was damaged during wartime and needed to be restored.
❌ 출제된 오답: burden(짐, 부담) — 복원에 도움이 됐다는 문맥과 정반대.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 기록이 없었다면 복원 불가 → 기록이 '구원(lifesaver)'이 됨. burden(짐)은 복원에 방해가 된다는 의미로 문맥과 충돌.
정답 찾기: ④ burden → lifesaver로 교체.
innovative
★★
혁신적인 오답 → traditional / outdated / conventional
This move was conventional back then and made the government more diverse.
❌ conventional(관습적인) ↔ 전례 없는 새로운 시도(unheard of) 맥락 → innovative 정답

innovative — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문This move was innovative back then and made the government more diverse — adding special exams gave common people access to public service.
✅ 정답 단어: innovative(혁신적인) — 전례 없는 새로운 시도임을 뒤에서 설명.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입This move was conventional back then and made the government more diverse — adding special exams gave common people access to public service.
❌ 출제된 오답: conventional(관습적인/전통적인) — '전례 없던 새로운 시도'라는 문맥과 반대.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: something that was unheard of(전례 없는 것) → 기존과 다른 방식 = innovative. conventional(기존 방식을 따르는)은 반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ conventional → innovative로 교체.
unheard of
★★
전례 없는, 듣도 보도 못한 오답 → common / ordinary / typical
were even paid when they were sick, something that was common at that time
❌ common(흔한) ↔ 당시 무급 노동이 일반적이었음 → 유급 병가는 전례 없음 → unheard of 정답

unheard of — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
✅ 정답 단어: unheard of(전례 없는) — 당시 기준으로 병가 급여는 전혀 없던 관행.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was common at that time.
❌ 출제된 오답: common(흔한) — 앞에서 '공정 임금 + 병가 급여'가 매우 특별한 처우임을 강조하는 문맥과 모순.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 이전 문장 'ordinary people were typically required to work without pay(무급 노동이 일반적)' → 유급 병가는 unheard of. common은 정반대.
정답 찾기: ⑤ common → unheard of로 교체.
self-sufficient
★★
자급자족의 오답 → dependent / reliant / vulnerable
he wanted Hwaseong to be a dependent city with a strong military, farming, and trade
❌ dependent(의존적) ↔ 군사+농업+상업 3요소 자체 보유 → self-sufficient 정답

self-sufficient — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문He wanted Hwaseong to be a self-sufficient city with a strong military, farming, and trade — a new capital away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
✅ 정답 단어: self-sufficient(자급자족의) — 군사·농업·상업 3요소가 근거.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입He wanted Hwaseong to be a dependent city with a strong military, farming, and trade — a new capital away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
❌ 출제된 오답: dependent(의존적인) — 군사+농업+상업을 갖춘 독립 도시를 묘사하는 문맥과 반대.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: a strong military, farming, and trade(군사+농업+상업 3요소 보유) → 외부에 의존 불필요 = self-sufficient. dependent(의존적)는 반대 개념.
정답 찾기: ③ dependent → self-sufficient로 교체.
scattered (오답어)
★★
흩어진 → gathered 정답 정답 오답어 출제
workers … scattered to Hwaseong in a rush
원문 'came together' → scattered는 반대 방향 오답

scattered(오답어) vs gathered(정답) — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Once people got wind of his plan, workers from all over the country came together in a rush.
✅ 원문 표현: came together(모여들었다) = gathered 의미.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Once people got wind of his plan, workers from all over the country scattered to Hwaseong in a rush.
❌ 출제된 오답: scattered(흩어졌다) — 전국에서 한 곳으로 몰려든다는 문맥과 정반대 방향.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 'from all over the country … in a rush'(전국 각지에서 급하게) → 한 방향으로 모임. scattered(흩어짐)는 반대 이동 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ scattered → gathered/came together로 교체.
remarkable
★★
놀라운, 주목할 만한 오답 → ordinary / unremarkable / forgettable
something ordinary happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
❌ ordinary(평범한) ↔ 뒤에 군인 2,000명+ 대규모 행렬 묘사 → remarkable 정답

remarkable — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Back on February 9, 1795, something remarkable happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
✅ 정답 단어: remarkable(주목할 만한) — 대규모 능행차 출발이라는 특별한 사건을 수식.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Back on February 9, 1795, something ordinary happened in front of Changdeokgung Palace.
❌ 출제된 오답: ordinary(평범한) — 이후에 2,000명 이상의 대규모 행렬이 묘사되는 내용과 충돌.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 뒤에 '군인 2,000명 이상, 기마대 수백 명, 음악가 50명'이라는 전례 없는 규모가 나옴 → remarkable(주목할 만한)이 맞음. ordinary(평범한)는 규모와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ① ordinary → remarkable로 교체.
memorial
★★
추모의, 기념의 오답 → celebratory / festive
He was planning to hold a celebratory service to honor his late father.
❌ celebratory(축하의) ↔ late father(돌아가신 아버지) + tomb(무덤) → 추모 맥락 → memorial 정답

memorial — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문He was planning to hold a memorial service to honor his late father, whose tomb was located near Hwaseong Haenggung.
✅ 정답 단어: memorial(추모의) — 돌아가신 아버지(late father)의 묘소 근처에서 제사를 지냄.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입He was planning to hold a celebratory service to honor his late father, whose tomb was located near Hwaseong Haenggung.
❌ 출제된 오답: celebratory(축하하는) — 돌아가신 분(late father)을 기리는 행사에 '축하'는 어울리지 않음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: late father(돌아가신 아버지) + tomb(무덤) → 추모 행사 = memorial. celebratory(축하)는 죽은 사람을 기리는 행사에 부적절.
정답 찾기: ② celebratory → memorial로 교체.
procession
★★
행렬, 행진 오답 → retreat / parade / march
Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the retreat moved alongside the king.
❌ retreat(퇴각) ↔ 왕과 어머니가 함께 이동하는 공식 왕실 행렬 → procession 정답

procession — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king and his mother as they made a round trip to Hwaseong Haenggung.
✅ 정답 단어: procession(행렬) — 4일간 68km 이동하는 대규모 행진.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the retreat moved alongside the king and his mother as they made a round trip to Hwaseong Haenggung.
❌ 출제된 오답: retreat(퇴각/후퇴) — 왕과 어머니가 함께 이동하는 공식 행렬을 '퇴각'이라고 하면 문맥 오류.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: Lasting four days … round trip(4일간 왕복) → 공식 행렬(procession). retreat은 군사적 후퇴를 의미하므로 왕실 행렬과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ④ retreat → procession으로 교체.
diverse
★★
다양한 오답 → uniform / exclusive / narrow
This move was innovative back then and made the government more exclusive.
❌ exclusive(소수만을 위한) ↔ 더 많은 사람에게 기회 제공(people from all walks of life) → diverse 정답

diverse — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문This move was innovative back then and made the government more diverse — special exams opened public service to people from all walks of life.
✅ 정답 단어: diverse(다양한) — 더 많은 계층이 관직에 진출 가능해짐.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입This move was innovative back then and made the government more exclusive — special exams opened public service to people from all walks of life.
❌ 출제된 오답: exclusive(배타적인/소수만을 위한) — '모든 계층에 열림'이라는 뒤 내용과 정반대.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: people from all walks of life(모든 계층의 사람들) → diverse(다양한). exclusive(소수 특권층만)는 정반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ③ exclusive → diverse로 교체.
heritage
★
유산 오답 → Recreation / Landmark / Monument
Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Recreation Site.
❌ Recreation(오락·휴양) ↔ UNESCO는 Heritage(유산) 등재 기관 → heritage 정답

heritage — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 FR 원문Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but its uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
✅ 정답 단어: Heritage(유산) — UNESCO World Heritage Site는 고유명사로 정문.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Suwon Hwaseong stands proudly as a UNESCO World Recreation Site, but its uniqueness often goes unnoticed.
❌ 출제된 오답: Recreation(오락·휴양) — UNESCO는 세계유산(Heritage) 등재 기구이지 오락 시설 인증 기관이 아님.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: UNESCO는 문화·자연 Heritage(유산) 등재 기관. Recreation(오락·휴양)은 UNESCO 등재 범주가 아님.
정답 찾기: ③ Recreation → Heritage로 교체.
putting on a show
★
보여주기식으로 하다 오답 → achieving his goals / fulfilling duties
This was not just about achieving his goals. No, it was serious business.
❌ achieving his goals(목표 달성) → not just about X, It was serious business 구조에서 X 자리엔 피상적·단순한 의미가 와야 역접 성립 → putting on a show 정답

putting on a show — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문King Jeongjo's Grand Procession was not just about putting on a show. It was serious business.
✅ 정답 표현: putting on a show(보여주기식으로 하다) — not just about이 핵심. '단순 과시가 아니었다'는 역접 구조.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입King Jeongjo's Grand Procession was not just about fulfilling his duties. It was serious business.
❌ 출제된 오답: fulfilling his duties(임무 수행) — '임무 수행을 위한 것만이 아니었다, 그것은 중요한 일이었다'라고 하면 앞뒤가 논리적으로 자연스러워 오답 설정이 부자연스러움 → 원문 표현을 통째로 기억.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: not just about X. It was serious business 구조 → X 자리에는 '단순·피상적' 의미가 와야 역접이 성립. putting on a show(보여주기식)가 맞음.
시험 출제 방식: 이 구문 자체를 직접 변형하기보다 주변 어휘 문맥 문제로 출제.
convince / convinced
★
납득시키다 / 확신한 오답 → 부정어 제거(was → wasn't)
UNESCO was totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking translated documents, they finally came around.
❌ was convinced(확신했다) → 이미 확신했다면 문서 검토 불필요 → wasn't convinced가 정답

convinced — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문At first, UNESCO wasn't totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents, they finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: convinced(확신하는) — 초기 의구심 → 검토 후 승인의 흐름.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입At first, UNESCO was totally convinced it was authentic. But after checking out translated documents, they finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: totally convinced(완전히 확신했다) — 확신했다면 문서를 검토할 필요가 없으므로 논리 모순. wasn't의 부정과 함께 쓰여야 함.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: But … they finally came around(결국 수긍했다) → 처음에는 수긍 안 함 = wasn't convinced. was convinced로 바꾸면 역접(But) 흐름 파괴.
정답 찾기: 부정어 wasn't 제거 버전이 오답.
sanseong / eupseong
★
산성 / 읍성 오답 → 역할 교체(sanseong↔eupseong)
The eupseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived around the sanseong.
❌ 두 단어 역할 교체 — eupseong은 평지 주거용, 최후 방어는 산성(sanseong) → 단어 역할 암기 필수

sanseong / eupseong — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 FR 원문Historically, the sanseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived in and around the eupseong.
✅ 정답: sanseong=산성(군사 방어), eupseong=읍성(평화시 주거). 두 용어의 역할 구분이 핵심.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Historically, the eupseong served as the final defense against invaders. During peaceful times, people lived in and around the sanseong.
❌ 출제된 오답: 두 단어 교체 — eupseong은 평지 요새(주거 중심)이므로 '최후 방어'와 어울리지 않음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: final defense against invaders(침략자에 대한 최후 방어) → 산속 높은 곳 = sanseong. peaceful times / living(평화시 주거) → 평지 = eupseong.
정답 찾기: 두 단어 역할(방어 vs 주거)을 바꿔놓은 것이 오답.
invasion
★
침략, 침입 오답 → alliance / treaty / visit
After the Japanese alliance, a new type of fortress emerged that combined both styles.
❌ alliance(동맹) ↔ 새 방어 요새 등장의 계기 = 일본의 침략(invasion·임진왜란) → invasion 정답

invasion — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 FR 원문After the Japanese invasion, a new type of fortress emerged that combined the strengths of both the sanseong and the eupseong.
✅ 정답 단어: invasion(침략) — 임진왜란 이후 두 양식을 결합한 새로운 요새 등장.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입After the Japanese alliance, a new type of fortress emerged that combined the strengths of both the sanseong and the eupseong.
❌ 출제된 오답: alliance(동맹) — 일본과의 동맹이 요새 설계 변화의 계기가 됐다는 역사적 사실이 없음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 역사 지식 + 문맥 — 일본의 침략(invasion)이 기존 방어 체계의 약점을 드러냈고, 이에 대응한 새 요새 등장. alliance(동맹)는 역사적으로 맞지 않음.
정답 찾기: ② alliance → invasion으로 교체.
chaos
★
혼란, 혼돈 오답 → stability / order / peace
away from all the political stability in Hanyang
❌ stability(안정) ↔ away from(피하다) → 안정을 피할 이유 없음 → chaos(혼란)를 피하는 것이 맞음 → chaos 정답

chaos — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political chaos in Hanyang.
✅ 정답 단어: chaos(혼란) — 한양의 정치적 혼란을 피하기 위한 새 수도 구상.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital, away from all the political stability in Hanyang.
❌ 출제된 오답: stability(안정) — '안정으로부터 멀어지려 한다'는 것은 동기가 되지 않음. 피해야 할 것은 혼란(chaos).
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: away from(~에서 벗어나) → 피해야 할 것이 와야 함. stability(안정)는 피할 이유가 없음 → chaos(혼란)가 맞음.
정답 찾기: ④ stability → chaos로 교체.
translated
★
번역된 오답 → fabricated / forged / destroyed
after checking out fabricated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress
❌ fabricated(날조된) ↔ 검토 후 UNESCO 승인(came around) → 날조 문서로 세계유산 등재 불가 → translated 정답

translated — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문After checking out translated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, UNESCO finally came around.
✅ 정답 단어: translated(번역된) — 한국어 기록을 UNESCO가 이해할 수 있도록 번역한 문서.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입After checking out fabricated documents and comparing them with the restored fortress, UNESCO finally came around.
❌ 출제된 오답: fabricated(날조된) — 날조 문서를 확인하고 세계유산 등재를 승인한다는 것은 논리적으로 불가능.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: UNESCO가 문서를 검토하고 인정(came around)했다는 결과 → 문서는 신뢰할 수 있는 것. fabricated(날조)는 신뢰성 파괴 → 승인 불가 → 결과와 충돌.
정답 찾기: ② fabricated → translated로 교체.
fair wages
★
공정한 임금 오답 → unfair treatment / no payment / harsh conditions
Workers received unfair treatment and were even paid when they were sick.
❌ unfair treatment(불공정 대우) ↔ 병가에도 임금 지급(긍정적 처우) → 앞뒤 일관성 파괴 → fair wages 정답

fair wages — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L4 원문Workers received fair wages and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
✅ 정답 표현: fair wages(공정한 임금) — 병가 급여까지 주는 전례 없는 처우.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Workers received unfair treatment and were even paid when they were sick — something that was unheard of at that time.
❌ 출제된 오답: unfair treatment(불공정한 대우) — '병가에도 임금을 지급'한다는 긍정적 내용과 모순. 불공정하면서 병가 임금을 주는 것은 일관성 없음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: even paid when sick(병가에도 임금) → 이것은 혜택. 앞에 있는 처우도 긍정적이어야 일관성 유지 → fair wages(공정 임금). unfair treatment는 방향 충돌.
정답 찾기: ① unfair treatment → fair wages로 교체.
역접 단서 유형 정리
단서 유형지문 흐름오답어정답 방향
역접 butnot just about putting on a show → but serious businessputting on a show ✓보여주기식 행사 — 정문
역접 →made government more ④restricted → giving more people a shotrestrictedaccessible로 교체
인과 →workers … scattered → but came together in a rushscatteredgathered로 교체
양보 thoughfinished in 3 years, though initially thought to take 10 years내용일치 함정3년 완공 vs 10년 예상
풀이 루틴: 밑줄 앞뒤 역접(however / but) · 인과(thus / therefore / so) 표시 → 문맥 방향(긍정/부정) 파악 → 밑줄 단어가 반대 방향이면 정답.
출제 빈도 상위 어법 포인트 (L5 본문 전수 분석)
①
수일치 — and 복수 주어 ★★★ 최고

수일치 — and 복수 주어 예시 10개

1
L5 오류height and weight loses their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → lose(복수). 올바른 형태: lose
① 출제 원문[L5] height and weight lose their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
② 오답 삽입height and weight loses their meaning in an environment where everything floats.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → lose(복수). 단수 loses 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
2
L5 오류Zero gravity makes astronauts to lose muscle and bone density really fast.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 사역동사 make+목+원형. 올바른 형태: lose
① 출제 원문[L5] Zero gravity makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
② 오답 삽입Zero gravity makes astronauts to lose muscle and bone density really fast.
③ 판단 근거사역동사 make+목+원형. to부정사(to lose) 삽입 시 오류.
3
L5 오류experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms makes up the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A, B, C, and D = 복수 주어 → make up(복수). 올바른 형태: make up
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms make up the ISS.
② 오답 삽입experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms makes up the ISS.
③ 판단 근거A, B, C, and D = 복수 주어 → make up(복수). 단수 makes up 삽입 시 오류.
4
L5 오류15 different nations contributes to the ISS over about two decades.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 복수 명사(nations) → contributed(복수). 올바른 형태: contributed
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] 15 different nations contributed to the ISS over about two decades.
② 오답 삽입15 different nations contributes to the ISS over about two decades.
③ 판단 근거복수 명사(nations) → contributed(복수). 단수 contributes 삽입 시 오류.
5
L5 ISS 오류Ice sheets and glaciers covers much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → covered(복수). 올바른 형태: covered
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets and glaciers covered much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets and glaciers covers much of the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → covered(복수). 단수 covers 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
6
모의 36번 오류Working memory and long-term memory differs in how information is accessed.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → differ(복수). 올바른 형태: differ
① 출제 원문[모의 37번] Working memory and long-term memory differ in how information is accessed.
② 오답 삽입Working memory and long-term memory differs in how information is accessed.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → differ(복수). 단수 differs 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 37번 오류Gesture and speech works together to encode events in memory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → work(복수). 올바른 형태: work
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesture and speech work together to encode events in memory.
② 오답 삽입Gesture and speech works together to encode events in memory.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → work(복수). 단수 works 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 38번 오류Deforestation and environmental degradation accounts for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → account(복수). 올바른 형태: account
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Deforestation and environmental degradation account for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
② 오답 삽입Deforestation and environmental degradation accounts for 15–20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → account(복수). 단수 accounts 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 39번 오류Emotion and instinct drives most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → drive(복수). 올바른 형태: drive
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Emotion and instinct drive most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
② 오답 삽입Emotion and instinct drives most human decisions before conscious reasoning begins.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → drive(복수). 단수 drives 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류The Sun and the planet Earth appears to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → A and B = 복수 주어 → appear(복수). 올바른 형태: appear
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The Sun and the planet Earth appear to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
② 오답 삽입The Sun and the planet Earth appears to rise and set every 45 minutes from the ISS.
③ 판단 근거A and B = 복수 주어 → appear(복수). 단수 appears 삽입 시 수일치 오류.
height and weight lose their meaning in microgravity. ← 정문(출제 원문)
height and weight loses their meaning in microgravity. ← ❌ 오답 삽입 (이것을 찾아야 함)
A and B = 복수 주어 → loses(단수)는 수일치 오류.
암기 포인트: A and B → 복수 동사. 사역동사 make+목+동사원형(to 없음).
②
관계대명사 계속적 용법 / whose ★★★ 최고

관계대명사 계속적 용법 / whose 예시 10개

1
L5 오류in my personal space, that is about the size of a phone booth
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] in my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
② 오답 삽입in my personal space, that is about the size of a phone booth
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능.
2
L5 오류my basil plants, which leaves had become a dense forest
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 소유격 관계대명사 whose. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L5] my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
② 오답 삽입my basil plants, which leaves had become a dense forest
③ 판단 근거소유격 관계대명사 whose. which로 교체하면 소유격 관계 표현 불가.
3
L5 오류The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, that means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 받는 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, which means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
② 오답 삽입The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, that means the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체를 선행사로 받는 계속적 which. 절 전체에 that 불가.
4
L5 오류the ISS, that has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 고유명사(ISS)+쉼표 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5] the ISS, which has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
② 오답 삽입the ISS, that has been continuously occupied since 2000, serves as a research laboratory.
③ 판단 근거고유명사(ISS)+쉼표 → 계속적 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
5
L5 오류Astronaut Yujin, which third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 소유격 whose. 올바른 형태: whose
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] Astronaut Yujin, whose third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
② 오답 삽입Astronaut Yujin, which third journey this was, returned to the ISS after ten years.
③ 판단 근거소유격 whose. which로 교체하면 소유격 표현 불가.
6
L4 오류Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, which caused the earth to become drier.
② 오답 삽입Ice sheets covered much of what we now call the Northern Hemisphere, that caused the earth to become drier.
③ 판단 근거앞 절 전체 선행사 → 계속적 which. that 불가.
7
L4 오류the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 오류. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] the usual art of that time, which only focused on important figures
② 오답 삽입the usual art of that time, that only focused on important figures
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 오류. which만 가능.
8
모의 22번 오류Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 which. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, that was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거고유명사+쉼표 → 계속적 which. that 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 36번 오류The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 올바른 형태: that
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] The study found something that surprised many researchers.
② 오답 삽입The study found something, which surprised many researchers.
③ 판단 근거제한적 용법(쉼표 없음). 쉼표+which 삽입 시 계속적 용법 혼동.
10
모의 40번 오류The capsule, that had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. 올바른 형태: which
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The capsule, which had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
② 오답 삽입The capsule, that had survived 1,650°C, landed safely on the ground.
③ 판단 근거쉼표+that → 계속적 용법 불가. which만 가능.
계속적 용법 (쉼표+which)
my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
→ 쉼표+which 계속적 용법. that 교체 불가.
소유격 (whose)
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
→ 소유격 whose. which로 교체 시 오류.
쉼표+that → ×, 쉼표+which → ○ / which leaves → ×, whose leaves → ○.
③
분사구문 — 의미상 주어 일치 ★★★ 최고

분사구문 의미상 주어 일치 예시 10개

1
L5 오류Forced to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → I가 능동적으로 집중 강요 → Forcing. 올바른 형태: Forcing
① 출제 원문[L5] Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
② 오답 삽입Forced to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
③ 판단 근거I가 능동적으로 집중 강요 → Forcing. 수동 Forced 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
2
L5 오류The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looked like it was ready to come crashing down.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(looked) 불가. 올바른 형태: looking
① 출제 원문[L5] The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looking like it was ready to come crashing down.
② 오답 삽입The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looked like it was ready to come crashing down.
③ 판단 근거결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(looked) 불가. 현재분사 looking이어야 정문.
3
L5 오류Blasted off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → we가 능동적으로 발사 → Blasting. 올바른 형태: Blasting
① 출제 원문[L5] Blasting off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
② 오답 삽입Blasted off from Earth, we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
③ 판단 근거we가 능동적으로 발사 → Blasting. 수동 Blasted 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
4
L5 오류Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowed toothpaste with a sip of water.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 동시동작 분사구문 자리에 과거형(swallowed) 불가. 올바른 형태: swallowing
① 출제 원문[L5] Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowing toothpaste with a sip of water.
② 오답 삽입Still in my sleeping bag, I click through new emails, swallowed toothpaste with a sip of water.
③ 판단 근거동시동작 분사구문 자리에 과거형(swallowed) 불가. I가 능동 → swallowing.
5
L5 오류The parachute caught the capsule, dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(dragged) 불가. 올바른 형태: dragging
① 출제 원문[L5] The parachute caught the capsule, dragging it through the sky until it hit the ground.
② 오답 삽입The parachute caught the capsule, dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
③ 판단 근거결과 분사구문 자리에 과거형(dragged) 불가. 낙하산이 능동 → dragging.
6
L4 오류Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Lasted) 불가. 올바른 형태: Lasting
① 출제 원문[L4] Lasting four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
② 오답 삽입Lasted four days and covering 68 kilometers, the procession moved alongside the king.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Lasted) 불가. the procession이 능동 → Lasting.
7
L4 오류Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → Built. 올바른 형태: Built
① 출제 원문[L4 FR] Built along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
② 오답 삽입Building along the natural slopes of Paldalsan Mountain, Suwon Hwaseong displayed strong walls.
③ 판단 근거Hwaseong = "세워진" 수동 대상 → Built. 능동 Building 삽입 시 의미상 주어 불일치.
8
모의 38번 오류Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Rose) 불가. 올바른 형태: Rising
① 출제 원문[모의 36번] Rising steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
② 오답 삽입Rose steadily after the Ice Age, temperatures transformed the landscape.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Rose) 불가. temperatures가 능동 → Rising.
9
모의 36번 오류Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. 올바른 형태: Gesturing
① 출제 원문[모의 38번] Gesturing while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
② 오답 삽입Gestured while describing events, adults remembered significantly more items.
③ 판단 근거분사구문 자리에 과거형(Gestured) 불가. adults가 능동 → Gesturing.
10
모의 40번 오류Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → Convinced. 올바른 형태: Convinced
① 출제 원문[모의 40번] Convinced that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
② 오답 삽입Convincing that their decisions are rational, most people fabricate facts to support emotional choices.
③ 판단 근거people = "확신된" 수동 상태 → Convinced. 능동 Convincing 삽입 시 의미 불일치.
Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured the hook of my safety cable.
→ 능동 분사구문. 의미상 주어 I = 행위 주체 → Forcing(현재분사). Forced(수동) 삽입 오류 주의.
The large blue dome of Earth hovered overhead, looking like it was ready to come crashing down.
→ 결과 분사구문. 주어(dome)가 능동 → looking. looked(과거형) 삽입 오류 주의.
④
to부정사 목적 · manage to ★★ 높음

to부정사 목적 · manage to 예시 10개

1
L5 오류I finally managed installing the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → manage → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to install
① 출제 원문[L5] I finally managed to install the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
② 오답 삽입I finally managed installing the solar battery bases with Scott's assistance.
③ 판단 근거manage → to부정사만. 동명사(installing) 삽입 시 오류.
2
L5 오류we took about 27 hours reaching the International Space Station.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → take+시간+to부정사 구문. 올바른 형태: to reach
① 출제 원문[L5] we took about 27 hours to reach the International Space Station.
② 오답 삽입we took about 27 hours reaching the International Space Station.
③ 판단 근거take+시간+to부정사 구문. 동명사(reaching) 삽입 시 구문 파괴.
3
L5 오류This enables me not only flying but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → enable+목+to부정사. 올바른 형태: to fly
① 출제 원문[L5] This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
② 오답 삽입This enables me not only flying but also to lift huge objects with one finger.
③ 판단 근거enable+목+to부정사. not only to fly // but also to lift 병렬. flying 삽입 시 병렬 파괴.
4
L5 오류My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed documenting its growth every day.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → manage → to부정사만 허용. 올바른 형태: growing
① 출제 원문[L5] My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed to document its growth every day.
② 오답 삽입My favorite experiment is growing basil from seeds, and I managed documenting its growth every day.
③ 판단 근거manage → to부정사만 허용. documenting(동명사) 삽입 시 오류. managed to document ✓ / managed documenting ✗
5
L5 오류It is used testing spacecraft systems required for future missions.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be used to부정사(목적). 올바른 형태: to test
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] It is used to test spacecraft systems required for future missions.
② 오답 삽입It is used testing spacecraft systems required for future missions.
③ 판단 근거be used to부정사(목적). 동명사 삽입 시 오류.
6
L5 오류NASA plans de-orbiting the ISS in 2030.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → plan → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to de-orbit
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] NASA plans to de-orbit the ISS in 2030.
② 오답 삽입NASA plans de-orbiting the ISS in 2030.
③ 판단 근거plan → to부정사만. 동명사 삽입 시 오류.
7
L4 오류Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. 올바른 형태: practicing
① 출제 원문[모의 20번] Children learn values by practicing various kinds of behaviors.
② 오답 삽입Children learn values by to practice various kinds of behaviors.
③ 판단 근거전치사 by 뒤 → 동명사만. to부정사 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 20번 오류You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → need to do(~해야 한다). 올바른 형태: to pay
① 출제 원문[모의 22번] You need to pay attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
② 오답 삽입You need paying attention to things that could potentially lead to valuable outcomes.
③ 판단 근거need to do(~해야 한다). 동명사(paying) 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 22번 오류Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → avoid → 동명사만. 올바른 형태: releasing
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees avoid releasing excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
② 오답 삽입Trees avoid to release excess carbon dioxide by converting it to oxygen.
③ 판단 근거avoid → 동명사만. to부정사 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 35번 오류He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → hope → to부정사만. 올바른 형태: to make
① 출제 원문[L4] He hoped to make Hwaseong the new capital.
② 오답 삽입He hoped making Hwaseong the new capital.
③ 판단 근거hope → to부정사만. 동명사(making) 삽입 시 오류.
I finally managed to install the solar battery bases.
manage → to부정사만. managed installing ✗
we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS.
take+시간+to부정사(목적). reaching 교체 오류.
동사to부정사동명사출제 함정
manage✓✗managed to install ✓ vs managed installing ✗
plan✓✗plans to de-orbit ✓ vs plans de-orbiting ✗
enable✗✗enable+목+to부정사만
⑤
수동태 진행형 / be resistant to ★★ 높음

수동태 진행형 / be resistant to 예시 10개

1
L5 오류Earth's atmosphere is resisting to objects entering from space.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → be resistant to는 형용사구. 올바른 형태: is resistant
① 출제 원문[L5] Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
② 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is resisting to objects entering from space.
③ 판단 근거be resistant to는 형용사구. is resisting to는 비문.
2
L5 오류more solar radiation is reflecting back to Earth instead of being released into space.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 태양 복사 = "반사되는" 수동 대상 → is being reflected. 올바른 형태: is being reflected
① 출제 원문[L5] more solar radiation is being reflected back to Earth instead of being released into space.
② 오답 삽입more solar radiation is reflecting back to Earth instead of being released into space.
③ 판단 근거태양 복사 = "반사되는" 수동 대상 → is being reflected. 능동 is reflecting 삽입 시 오류.
3
L5 오류the ISS has continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → "by astronauts" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 올바른 형태: has been continuously occupied
① 출제 원문[L5 ISS FR] the ISS has been continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
② 오답 삽입the ISS has continuously occupied by astronauts since 2000.
③ 판단 근거"by astronauts" 행위자 → 수동 필수. 능동 has occupied 삽입 시 오류.
4
L5 오류The capsule caught a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 캡슐 = "잡힌" 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: was caught
① 출제 원문[L5] The capsule was caught by a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
② 오답 삽입The capsule caught a parachute at about eight kilometers above the planet.
③ 판단 근거캡슐 = "잡힌" 수동 대상. 능동 caught 삽입 시 주어-목적어 관계 오류.
5
L5 오류The capsule was heating to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 캡슐 = "가열되는" 수동 대상 → was being heated. 올바른 형태: was being heated
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] The capsule was being heated to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
② 오답 삽입The capsule was heating to 1,650°C as it entered the atmosphere.
③ 판단 근거캡슐 = "가열되는" 수동 대상 → was being heated. 능동 was heating 삽입 시 오류.
6
L4 오류CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: is converted
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] CO₂ is converted to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
② 오답 삽입CO₂ converts to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
③ 판단 근거CO₂ = 전환되는 수동 대상. 능동 converts 삽입 시 오류.
7
모의 39번 오류Trees consider to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 나무 = "여겨지는" 수동 대상 → are considered. 올바른 형태: are considered
① 출제 원문[모의 39번] Trees are considered to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
② 오답 삽입Trees consider to be natural regulators of carbon dioxide.
③ 판단 근거나무 = "여겨지는" 수동 대상 → are considered. 능동 consider 삽입 시 오류.
8
모의 39번 오류A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 올바른 형태: can be used
① 출제 원문[모의 35번] A viewfinder can be used to isolate part of a picture or object.
② 오답 삽입A viewfinder can use to isolate part of a picture or object.
③ 판단 근거뷰파인더 = "사용되는" 수동 대상. 능동 can use 삽입 시 오류.
9
모의 38번 오류Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → was being built. 올바른 형태: was being built
① 출제 원문[L4] Hwaseong Fortress, which was being built at that time, was part of his vision.
② 오답 삽입Hwaseong Fortress, which was building at that time, was part of his vision.
③ 판단 근거화성 = "건설되는" 수동 대상 → was being built. 능동 was building 삽입 시 오류.
10
모의 40번 오류Yujin's muscles are weakening by prolonged microgravity exposure.
❌ 어법상 틀린 것 → 근육 = "약화되는" 수동 대상 → are being weakened. 올바른 형태: are being weakened
① 출제 원문[L5 변형] Yujin's muscles are being weakened by prolonged microgravity exposure.
② 오답 삽입Yujin's muscles are weakening by prolonged microgravity exposure.
③ 판단 근거근육 = "약화되는" 수동 대상 → are being weakened. 능동+by는 비문.
Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
→ be resistant to + 동명사. is resisting to → 비문.
more solar radiation is being reflected back to Earth.
→ 진행 수동: is being + p.p. is reflecting → 능동 오류.
출제 함정: is resisting to(비문) vs is resistant to(정문) / is reflecting(능동) vs is being reflected(수동).
Day원문 구조어법 포인트위험도
Day 5
Zero gravity makes astronauts lose muscle
make+목+원형 (사역) 고
Day 5
height and weight lose their meaning
복수 주어 수일치 고
Day 25
my personal space, which is about the size of a phone booth
계속적 관계대명사 고
Day 60
Forcing myself to focus on the task, I secured…
분사구문 의미상 주어 고
Day 99
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest
소유격 관계대명사 whose 고
Day 25
there's no good way to spit in space because everything floats
no way to부정사 / because절 중
Day 60
hovered, looking like it was ready to come crashing down
결과 분사구문 / come+분사 중
Day 100
Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space
be resistant to + 동명사 중
ISS FR
it has been continuously occupied since 2000
현재완료 수동 (since) 중
Day 1
we took about 27 hours to reach the ISS
take+시간+to부정사 저
⑥
as if 가정법 ★★★ 최고
가정법 과거 (같은 시점)
He talks as if he knew everything about Lucy.
→ as if + 주어 + 과거동사. 현재 사실과 반대. knows(현재형) 교체 오류.
가정법 과거완료 (더 과거)
I behaved as if I had never met her before.
→ as if + 주어 + had p.p. 주절보다 더 과거 사실과 반대.
같은 시점: as if + 과거동사(were) / 더 과거: as if + had p.p.
출제 함정: understands(현재형) → understood(과거형)로 교체해야 정문.

as if 가정법 — Grammar A 예시 10개

1
Grammar A 오류He nodded as if he completely understands the situation.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] He nodded as if he completely understood the situation.
② 오답 삽입He nodded as if he completely understands the situation.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → 과거동사 필수. understands(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: understood
2
Grammar A 오류He acts as if he does not care about Jack at all.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] He acts as if he did not care about Jack at all.
② 오답 삽입He acts as if he does not care about Jack at all.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → 과거동사 did. does(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: did
3
Grammar A 오류She walks into the room as if she is the host of the party.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] She walks into the room as if she were the host of the party.
② 오답 삽입She walks into the room as if she is the host of the party.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → be동사는 were 사용. is(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: were
4
Grammar A 오류You look exhausted as if you worked hard all day long.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] You look exhausted as if you had worked hard all day long.
② 오답 삽입You look exhausted as if you worked hard all day long.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. worked(과거형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had worked
5
Grammar A 오류I behaved as if I never met her before.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] I behaved as if I had never met her before.
② 오답 삽입I behaved as if I never met her before.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. never met(과거형) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had never met
6
Grammar A 오류The boy stares at the magician as if he thinks the magic was real.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] The boy stares at the magician as if he thought the magic was real.
② 오답 삽입The boy stares at the magician as if he thinks the magic was real.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → thinks(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: thought
7
Grammar A 오류Yena laughs as if she has no worries in the world.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] Yena laughs as if she had no worries in the world.
② 오답 삽입Yena laughs as if she has no worries in the world.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → have의 과거 had. has(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: had
8
Grammar A 오류She smiles at me as if we knew each other for a long time.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] She smiles at me as if we had known each other for a long time.
② 오답 삽입She smiles at me as if we knew each other for a long time.
③ 판단 근거for a long time → 더 과거 지속 → as if + had p.p. 필수. knew(과거) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: had known
9
Grammar A 오류Brian speaks as if he has endless experience in the field.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] Brian speaks as if he had endless experience in the field.
② 오답 삽입Brian speaks as if he has endless experience in the field.
③ 판단 근거as if 가정법 과거 → had. has(현재형) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 빈칸 정답. 올바른 형태: had
10
Grammar A 오류You talk as if you watched the movie.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar A] You talk as if you had watched the movie.
② 오답 삽입You talk as if you watched the movie.
③ 판단 근거주절보다 더 과거 → as if + had p.p. 필수. watched(과거) 삽입 시 오류. Grammar A 정답. 올바른 형태: had watched
⑦
대동사 (do/does/did · So/Neither) ★★★ 최고
일반동사 대동사 (do/does/did)
You know much more than she does.
→ 앞 동사 know(일반동사) → 대동사 does. did/do와 혼동 주의.
So/Neither 도치
"I love going to the movies." / "So do I!"
→ So + 대동사 + 주어. Neither + 대동사 + 주어(부정).
암기 포인트: 일반동사 → do/does/did / be동사 → am/is/are/was/were / 조동사·완료 → 그대로 사용

대동사 — Grammar B 예시 10개

1
Grammar B 오류You know much more than she is.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] You know much more than she does.
② 오답 삽입You know much more than she is.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 know(일반동사, 3인칭단수) → 대동사 does. is(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: does
2
Grammar B 오류Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so do I.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so did I.
② 오답 삽입Sarah studied hard for the exam, and so do I.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 studied(과거) → 대동사 did. do(현재) 삽입 시 시제 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: did
3
Grammar B 오류Tom is happy, and his parents do, too.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Tom is happy, and his parents are, too.
② 오답 삽입Tom is happy, and his parents do, too.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 is(be동사) → 대동사 are(복수 be). do(일반동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: are
4
Grammar B 오류"We were not late." / "Neither did Tom."
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] "We were not late." / "Neither was Tom."
② 오답 삽입"We were not late." / "Neither did Tom."
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 were(be동사 과거) → 대동사 was. did(일반동사 과거) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: was
5
Grammar B 오류"I have visited Paris twice." / "So did my sister."
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] "I have visited Paris twice." / "So has my sister."
② 오답 삽입"I have visited Paris twice." / "So did my sister."
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 have visited(현재완료) → 대동사 has. did(과거) 삽입 시 시제 오류. 올바른 형태: has
6
Grammar B 오류She has lived here longer than we did.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] She has lived here longer than we have.
② 오답 삽입She has lived here longer than we did.
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 has lived(현재완료) → 대동사 have. did(과거) 삽입 시 시제 오류. 올바른 형태: have
7
Grammar B 오류James has a kind heart just like his father is.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] James has a kind heart just like his father does.
② 오답 삽입James has a kind heart just like his father is.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 has(일반동사) → 대동사 does. is(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: does
8
Grammar B 오류I didn't pass the exam, but Amy does.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] I didn't pass the exam, but Amy did.
② 오답 삽입I didn't pass the exam, but Amy does.
③ 판단 근거앞 시제 didn't(과거) → 대동사 did. does(현재) 삽입 시 시제 불일치 오류. 올바른 형태: did
9
Grammar B 오류They were laughing at the joke, but she didn't.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] They were laughing at the joke, but she wasn't.
② 오답 삽입They were laughing at the joke, but she didn't.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 were(be동사 과거) → 대동사 wasn't. didn't(일반동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: wasn't
10
Grammar B 오류Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually are.
← ❌ 어법상 틀린 것 찾기 — 밑줄 부분이 오류
① 출제 원문[Grammar B] Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually do.
② 오답 삽입Our new neighbors have dessert after dinner as we usually are.
③ 판단 근거앞 동사 have(일반동사 현재) → 대동사 do. are(be동사) 삽입 시 오류. 올바른 형태: do
L5 핵심 어휘 20개 — 출제 빈도 순 (각 상세예시 3개)
어휘빈도뜻문맥 단서 / 출제 오답 방향예시
lose muscle & bone density
★★★
근육·골밀도 잃다 오답 → gain / strengthen / maintain
Zero gravity makes astronauts gain muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise 150 minutes a day.
❌ gain(얻다) → 근육을 얻는다면 150분 운동할 이유 없음. That's why 인과 파괴 → lose 정답

lose muscle & bone density — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 5 원문Zero gravity also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise for 150 minutes a day.
✅ 정답 표현: lose muscle and bone density(근육·골밀도 잃다) — 뒤의 '150분 운동'이 인과 단서.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Zero gravity also makes astronauts gain muscle and bone density really fast. That's why I exercise for 150 minutes a day.
❌ 출제된 오답: gain(얻다) — 근육·골밀도를 얻는다면 매일 150분 운동할 필요가 없으므로 'That's why' 인과 연결이 파괴됨.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: That's why I exercise for 150 minutes(그래서 운동함) → 운동 이유 = 부정적 변화가 있기 때문. gain(긍정적 변화)이면 운동할 이유가 없음 → lose가 맞음.
정답 찾기: ③ gain → lose로 교체.
orbit
★★★
궤도를 돌다 (공전) 오답 → rotate / revolve(자전 혼동)
The station rotates Earth once every 90 minutes
❌ rotates(자전) ↔ 지구 주위를 도는 것 = 공전(orbit) → rotates는 자기 축 회전 → orbits 정답

orbit — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 25 원문The station orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, and the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
✅ 정답 단어: orbits(공전하다) — 90분마다 지구 공전. 일출·일몰 45분은 공전의 절반.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입The station rotates Earth once every 90 minutes, and the sun rises and sets every 45 minutes.
❌ 출제된 오답: rotates(자전하다) — 지구를 '자전'하는 것은 불가능. 우주정거장이 지구 주위를 '공전(orbit)'하는 것이 맞음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: ISS는 지구를 중심으로 도는 공전(orbit)을 함. rotate는 자기 자신을 중심으로 도는 자전. 'orbit Earth'(지구 주위를 돌다)가 맞는 표현.
정답 찾기: ① rotates → orbits로 교체.
resistant
★★★
저항하는, 내성의 오답 → vulnerable / sensitive / open
Earth's atmosphere is vulnerable to objects entering from space
❌ vulnerable(취약한) → 취약하면 마찰 없이 통과 → friction to burn up 결과 불성립 → resistant 정답

resistant — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 100 원문Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
✅ 정답 단어: resistant(저항하는) — 대기 저항 → 마찰열 발생 → 소각. 인과 연결.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is vulnerable to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
❌ 출제된 오답: vulnerable(취약한) — 대기가 취약하다면 마찰열이 발생하지 않아 물체가 타지 않음. 결과(friction → burn up)와 원인이 불일치.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: creates enough friction to burn up(타버릴 만한 마찰 발생) → 대기가 물체를 막아내는 것 = resistant. vulnerable(취약)이면 마찰 없이 통과 → 결과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ④ vulnerable → resistant로 교체.
install
★★★
설치하다 오답 → remove / dismantle / repair
I finally managed to remove the solar battery bases
❌ remove(제거) ↔ 우주 유영 임무 = 새 장치 부착 → 제거가 아닌 설치 → install 정답

install — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 60 원문The task seemed to take forever, but I finally managed to install the solar battery bases on the exterior of the station.
✅ 정답 단어: install(설치하다) — 우주 유영의 목적이 태양 전지 기반 장치 설치.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입The task seemed to take forever, but I finally managed to remove the solar battery bases on the exterior of the station.
❌ 출제된 오답: remove(제거하다) — 임무가 '설치(install)'이었지 '제거'가 아님. 맥락상 어려운 임무 끝에 성공했다는 내용과도 일치 안 함.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: solar battery bases(태양 전지 기반 장치) + on the exterior(외부에) → 우주 유영으로 새 장치 부착 = install. remove는 기존 것을 떼어내는 것.
정답 찾기: ⑤ remove → install로 교체.
float
★★
떠다니다 오답 → sink / fall / drop
there's no good way to spit in space because everything sinks
❌ sinks(가라앉다) ↔ 무중력 환경 → 물체가 가라앉지 않고 떠다님 → floats 정답

float — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 25 원문I swallow the toothpaste with a sip of water from a bag with a straw, as there's no good way to spit in space because everything floats.
✅ 정답 단어: floats(떠다니다) — 무중력이라 뱉은 치약도 공중에 떠다녀 뱉을 방법이 없음.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입I swallow the toothpaste with a sip of water from a bag with a straw, as there's no good way to spit in space because everything sinks.
❌ 출제된 오답: sinks(가라앉다) — 우주는 중력이 없어 가라앉는 것이 없음. 뱉을 방법이 없는 이유는 '뱉은 것이 떠다니기 때문'.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: no good way to spit(뱉을 방법 없음) → 이유 = 무중력 → 뱉은 것이 float(떠다님). sinks는 중력이 있을 때만 가능 → 우주 환경과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ③ sinks → floats로 교체.
harsh
★★
혹독한, 가혹한 오답 → gentle / comfortable / easy
one of the most dangerous and physically comfortable things an astronaut ever does
❌ comfortable(편안한) ↔ most dangerous(가장 위험한)와 and로 병렬 → 반대 의미 공존 불가 → harsh 정답

harsh — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 99 원문Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an astronaut ever does.
✅ 정답 단어: harsh(혹독한) — 1,650°C 마찰열, 중력 변화 등 귀환 과정이 극도로 힘듦.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically comfortable things an astronaut ever does.
❌ 출제된 오답: comfortable(편안한) — '가장 위험한' 일이라고 했는데 '편안하다'는 것은 모순. dangerous와 comfortable은 공존 불가.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: most dangerous(가장 위험한) + and → 뒤에도 부정적 단어가 와야 병렬 구조 성립. comfortable(긍정)은 dangerous(부정)와 and로 연결 불가.
정답 찾기: ② comfortable → harsh로 교체.
dense
★★
빽빽한, 밀집한 오답 → sparse / thin / bare
my basil plants, whose leaves had become a sparse forest
❌ sparse(듬성듬성한) ↔ 99일 성장 결과 = 빽빽하게 자람 → dense 정답

dense — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 99 원문I would miss especially my basil plants, whose leaves had become a dense forest.
✅ 정답 단어: dense(빽빽한) — 99일간 자란 바질 잎이 빽빽하게 숲을 이룬 모습.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입I would miss especially my basil plants, whose leaves had become a sparse forest.
❌ 출제된 오답: sparse(듬성듬성한) — 99일간 성장하여 빽빽해진 것을 '듬성듬성한 숲'이라고 하면 앞 문맥(성장·그리움)과 충돌.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: had become(~이 되었다) + forest(숲) → 성장의 결과. 99일 성장 = 빽빽하게 자람 = dense. sparse(듬성)는 성장 결과로 적합하지 않음.
정답 찾기: ④ sparse → dense로 교체.
weightless
★★
무중력의, 무게 없는 오답 → heavy / weighted / burdened
Everything has enormous weight in space — I can lift huge objects with one finger.
❌ enormous weight(엄청난 무게) ↔ 한 손가락으로 거대 물체 들기 → 무거우면 불가능 → zero weight/weightless 정답

weightless — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 5 원문Everything has zero weight in space. This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger as if I were a superhero.
✅ 정답 개념: weightless/zero weight(무중력) → 슈퍼히어로처럼 거대한 물체를 한 손가락으로 들 수 있음.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Everything has enormous weight in space. This enables me not only to fly but also to lift huge objects with one finger as if I were a superhero.
❌ 출제된 오답: enormous weight(엄청난 무게) — 무거우면 한 손가락으로 거대한 물체를 들 수 없음. 결과(lifting huge objects)와 원인(zero weight)이 단절됨.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: enables me … to lift huge objects with one finger(한 손가락으로 거대 물체 들기) → 이것이 가능한 이유 = 무중력(zero weight/weightless). enormous weight는 반대 조건.
정답 찾기: ① enormous weight → zero weight로 교체.
void
★★
허공, 공허, 진공 오답 → ground / surface / safety net
If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the safety net.
❌ safety net(안전망) ↔ 우주 공간에 안전망 없음 + 공포 묘사 맥락 → void(허공) 정답

void — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 60 원문I thought, "If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the void."
✅ 정답 단어: void(허공/진공) — 손을 놓치면 무한한 우주 공간으로 떨어진다는 공포 묘사.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입I thought, "If my hand misses the handrail, I will fall into the safety net."
❌ 출제된 오답: safety net(안전망) — 우주에는 안전망이 없고, 두려움·공포의 문맥에서 안전망은 어울리지 않음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 우주 유영 중 손잡이를 놓침 → 공포의 결과. void(무한한 허공)가 공포감을 극대화. safety net(안전)은 공포 문맥과 완전히 반대 방향.
정답 찾기: ⑤ safety net → void로 교체.
friction
★★
마찰 (열) 오답 → momentum / speed / pressure
any object creates enough momentum to burn up from the heat
❌ momentum(운동량) ↔ 열 발생의 직접 원인 = 마찰(friction) → resistant → friction → heat → burn up 인과 → friction 정답

friction — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 100 원문Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough friction to burn up from the heat.
✅ 정답 단어: friction(마찰) — 대기 저항 → 마찰 → 마찰열 → 소각. 인과 연결.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space — any object creates enough momentum to burn up from the heat.
❌ 출제된 오답: momentum(운동량) — 운동량은 열 발생의 직접 원인이 아님. '마찰(friction)'이 열을 발생시키는 물리적 원인.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: burn up from the heat(열로 인해 소각) → 열의 원인 = friction(마찰). resistant(저항) → friction(마찰) → heat(열) → burn up(소각) 인과 연결.
정답 찾기: ③ momentum → friction으로 교체.
inhabited
★
사람이 거주하는 오답 → first / third / tenth (숫자 변경)
the first space station to be inhabited by humans
❌ first(첫 번째) ↔ 원문 ninth(아홉 번째) → 숫자 변경 함정 → ninth 암기 필수

inhabited — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 ISS FR 원문The International Space Station is the ninth space station to be inhabited by humans.
✅ 정답 단어: inhabited(거주된) — 사람이 실제로 살고 있는 우주정거장.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입The International Space Station is the first space station to be inhabited by humans.
❌ 출제된 오답: first(첫 번째) — 원문은 'ninth(아홉 번째)'. 숫자 변경이 가장 흔한 내용일치 함정.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 내용일치 숫자 암기 — ISS는 ninth(9번째) 우주정거장. first/second 등 다른 숫자가 오답 삽입 포인트.
정답 찾기: 수치 함정 → ninth를 first/third/tenth 등으로 변경한 것이 오답.
de-orbit
★
궤도 이탈시키다 내용일치
NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2030
연도 함정: 2025·2035 오답

de-orbit — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 ISS FR 원문In January 2022, NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2030.
✅ 정답 단어: de-orbit(궤도 이탈시키다) — ISS를 2030년에 궤도에서 이탈시켜 처분하는 계획.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입In January 2022, NASA announced a plan to de-orbit the ISS in 2025.
❌ 출제된 오답: 2025 — 원문은 2030. 연도 변경이 내용일치 함정. 2025/2035도 자주 출제.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 연도 암기 — NASA 발표(2022년 1월) + 궤도 이탈 예정(2030년). 2025/2035 등 앞뒤 연도가 함정.
정답 찾기: 2030 → 2025/2035로 변경한 것이 오답.
gravity / microgravity
★
중력 / 미세중력 오답 → nutrition / oxygen / pressure
Zero nutrition also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density.
❌ nutrition(영양) ↔ That's why I exercise(운동이 해결책) → 영양 부족은 운동으로 해결 불가 → gravity 정답

gravity / microgravity — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 5 원문Zero gravity also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
✅ 정답 단어: gravity(중력) — zero gravity = 무중력. 근육·골밀도 손실의 원인.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Zero nutrition also makes astronauts lose muscle and bone density really fast.
❌ 출제된 오답: nutrition(영양) — 영양이 없어서 근육을 잃는다면 뒤에서 운동(exercise)이 해결책이 될 수 없음. 운동으로 해결되는 것은 중력 부재(gravity).
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: That's why I exercise 150 minutes(운동이 해결책) → 운동으로 해결 가능한 것은 근육 약화. 근육 약화 원인 = zero gravity. zero nutrition은 운동으로 해결 불가.
정답 찾기: ② nutrition → gravity로 교체.
descent
★
하강, 귀환 오답 → ascent / launch / liftoff
On Day 100, the ascent began.
❌ ascent(상승) ↔ Day 99 귀환 예고 + Day 100 낙하산·착륙 묘사 → 하강(descent) 정답

descent — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 100 원문On Day 100, the descent began. Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
✅ 정답 단어: descent(하강/귀환) — 100일째 지구 귀환 시작. 이후 대기권 재진입 묘사.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입On Day 100, the ascent began. Earth's atmosphere is resistant to objects entering from space.
❌ 출제된 오답: ascent(상승) — 100일째는 지구로 돌아가는 날. 상승(ascent)이 아닌 하강(descent)이 맞음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: Day 99 — returning to Earth(지구 귀환 예고) + Day 100 — parachute, landed(낙하산, 착륙) → Day 100은 하강(descent). ascent(상승)는 Day 1(발사)에 해당.
정답 찾기: ① ascent → descent로 교체.
astronaut
★
우주비행사 오답 → engineer / scientist / researcher
Coming back down is one of the most dangerous things an engineer ever does.
❌ engineer(엔지니어·지상 근무) ↔ 귀환 캡슐에 직접 탑승하는 사람 = astronaut → astronaut 정답

astronaut — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 99 원문Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an astronaut ever does.
✅ 정답 단어: astronaut(우주비행사) — 귀환이 우주비행사가 겪는 가장 위험한 경험.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Coming back down is one of the most dangerous and physically harsh things an engineer ever does.
❌ 출제된 오답: engineer(엔지니어) — 귀환(re-entry)을 직접 경험하는 것은 우주선에 탑승한 우주비행사이지 지상의 엔지니어가 아님.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 일인칭 화자(Yujin)가 직접 경험하는 행위 → astronaut(우주비행사). engineer(엔지니어)는 지상 근무자로 귀환 캡슐을 직접 타지 않음.
정답 찾기: ④ engineer → astronaut로 교체.
spacecraft
★
우주선 오답 → submarine / aircraft / vehicle
It is used to test submarine systems required for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
❌ submarine(잠수함) ↔ Moon·Mars·asteroids(우주 목적지) → 수중 이동 수단은 우주 탐사에 불필요 → spacecraft 정답

spacecraft — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 ISS FR 원문It is also used to test spacecraft systems required for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
✅ 정답 단어: spacecraft(우주선) — ISS에서 달·화성·소행성 탐사용 우주선 시스템 테스트.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입It is also used to test submarine systems required for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
❌ 출제된 오답: submarine(잠수함) — 달·화성·소행성 탐사에 잠수함은 불필요. 우주 탐사 = 우주선(spacecraft).
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: Moon, Mars, asteroids(달·화성·소행성) → 우주 목적지 → 필요한 것은 spacecraft(우주선). submarine(잠수함)은 수중 이동 수단으로 우주 탐사와 무관.
정답 찾기: ② submarine → spacecraft로 교체.
convinced
★
확신하는 오답 → doubtful / uncertain / skeptical
I woke up doubting that I'm upside down.
❌ doubting(의심하는) ↔ 무중력에서 방향 완전 상실 → 강한 확신 상태 = convinced → convinced 정답

convinced — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 5 원문Sometimes I wake up convinced that I'm upside down, but height and weight lose their meaning in space.
✅ 정답 단어: convinced(확신하는) — 무중력 환경에서 방향 감각을 잃어 뒤집혀 있다고 확신하는 상태.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Sometimes I wake up doubting that I'm upside down, but height and weight lose their meaning in space.
❌ 출제된 오답: doubting(의심하는) — 뒤집혀 있다고 '의심'하면 약한 느낌. 실제로 본인은 강하게 확신(convinced)하는 상태가 맞음.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: height and weight lose their meaning(방향·무게 기준 상실) → 방향 감각이 완전히 사라진 상태 → 강한 확신(convinced). doubting(의심)은 확신의 정도가 너무 약함.
정답 찾기: ③ doubting → convinced로 교체.
parachute
★
낙하산 오답 → 숫자 변경(8km → 3km)
a parachute caught the capsule at about three kilometers above the planet
❌ three(3km) ↔ 원문 about eight kilometers(약 8km) → 숫자 변경 함정 → 8km 암기 필수

parachute — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 100 원문A parachute caught the capsule at about eight kilometers above the planet and dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
✅ 정답 단어: parachute(낙하산) — 8km 고도에서 낙하산이 캡슐을 감속.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입A parachute caught the capsule at about three kilometers above the planet and dragged it through the sky until it hit the ground.
❌ 출제된 오답: three(3km) — 원문은 about eight kilometers(약 8km). 숫자 변경 함정.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: 숫자 암기 — 낙하산 전개 고도 = about eight kilometers(약 8km). 3km/15km 등 다른 수치가 오답 삽입 포인트.
정답 찾기: 8km → 다른 수치로 변경한 것이 오답.
module
★
모듈, 구획 오답 → fuel tanks / engines / propellers
experiment modules, habitation modules, fuel tanks, and robotic arms
❌ fuel tanks(연료 탱크) ↔ ISS 4구성 요소: 실험 모듈·거주 모듈·solar battery panels·로봇 팔 → solar battery panels 정답

module — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 ISS FR 원문It is composed of many different sections, such as experiment modules, habitation modules, solar battery panels, and robotic arms.
✅ 정답 단어: modules(모듈/구획) — ISS 구성 4요소: 실험 모듈, 거주 모듈, 태양 전지판, 로봇 팔.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입It is composed of many different sections, such as experiment modules, habitation modules, fuel tanks, and robotic arms.
❌ 출제된 오답: fuel tanks(연료 탱크) — ISS 구성 요소 목록에 fuel tanks는 없음. 원문은 solar battery panels(태양 전지판).
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: ISS 4구성 요소 암기 필수 — ①실험 모듈 ②거주 모듈 ③solar battery panels(태양 전지판) ④로봇 팔. fuel tanks는 이 목록에 없음.
정답 찾기: solar battery panels → fuel tanks로 변경한 것이 오답.
airlock
★
에어락 (기밀실) 오답 → emergency exit / hatch / window
Scott and I went to an emergency exit connected to the outside of the station
❌ emergency exit(비상구) ↔ 계획된 우주 유영 전용 통로 = airlock(기밀실) → airlock 정답

airlock — "적절하지 않은 것" 찾기 훈련

원
L5 Day 60 원문Scott and I went to an airlock connected to the outside of the station, put on our spacesuits, and floated gently into space.
✅ 정답 단어: airlock(에어락) — 우주 유영을 위해 거치는 기밀실. 내부 기압과 외부 진공의 경계.
출
출제 시 오답 삽입Scott and I went to an emergency exit connected to the outside of the station, put on our spacesuits, and floated gently into space.
❌ 출제된 오답: emergency exit(비상구) — 우주 유영을 위한 전용 통로는 airlock(기밀실). 비상구는 비상시 탈출용이지 계획된 우주 유영 경로가 아님.
단
문맥 단서오답 판단: put on spacesuits … floated gently into space(우주복 착용 후 유영) → 계획된 우주 유영 출입구 = airlock. emergency exit은 비상 상황 전용이므로 계획된 유영과 불일치.
정답 찾기: ③ emergency exit → airlock으로 교체.
내용일치 핵심 숫자 암기표 (함정 단골)
항목정확한 수치자주 나오는 오답 수치
공전 주기90분 / 회45분 (일출·일몰 주기와 혼동 ← 최다 출제)
일출·일몰 주기45분90분 (공전 주기와 혼동)
ISS 건설 기간약 20년약 10년 ← 설명판단 기출 함정
ISS까지 도달 시간27시간24시간 / 48시간
고도400km300km / 600km
하루 운동 시간150분60분 / 100분
재진입 온도1,650°C1,000°C / 2,000°C
낙하산 작동 고도약 8km3km / 15km
ISS 건설 국가 수15개국20개국 / 10개국
ISS 궤도 이탈 예정2030년2025년 / 2035년
ISS 연속 거주 시작2000년1990년 / 2010년
유진의 여행 횟수3번째첫 번째 / 두 번째
90분 vs 45분 암기법: 지구 공전(더 큰 움직임) = 더 긴 시간 90분. 일출·일몰(공전의 절반 지점) = 절반 시간 45분.